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Psych 2BA3 > Positive Emotions part 2 > Flashcards

Positive Emotions part 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the Hemispheric asymmetries associated with SWB

A
  • Mindfulness → L frontal area associated with PA
  • L hem more active than R– associated with PA
  • L-R differences associated with SWB
  • higher L-R asymmetry = high PA, low NA
  • higher L-R asymmetry = self-acceptance, life purpose, personal growth, autonomy
  • mindfulness meditation increases L-R asymmetry → mindfulness = improvements in life satisfaction
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2
Q

Historically can money buy you happiness?

A

NO - its the root of all evil

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3
Q

What is the Esterlin Paradox?

A
  • Happiness increases with income within countries

- Happiness unrelated to income (GDP) between countries.

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4
Q

What are 2 possible explanations for the Esterlin Paradox (might be both)

A

1) Hedonic treadmill?
• Happiness up after income up, but returns to usual set point after time
Relative income?
• Increase in wealth in respect to those around us, rather than absolute income

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5
Q

Whats the relationship b/w income and happiness within countries?

A

curvilinear
• Much greater changes at lower levels of income
• Income more strongly related to life satisfaction, not with PA/NA ratio (happiness)

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6
Q

HIgh income is buys you ________ but not ________

and low income is associated with ____ and _______

A

life satisfaction, happiness

low life evaluation and low emotional well being

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7
Q

how did Canada and US score on the life satisfaction ladder?

A 
Canada = 7.5
US = 7.2
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8
Q

How did Zimbabwe score on the latter?

A

lowest income per Capita but higher life satisfaction than many others

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9
Q

was the an esterlin paradox found in the ladder data ? what does this suggest?

A

there is no paradox as there is the same relationship between and within countries
• There is a relationship between wealth and life satisfaction

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10
Q

LS rises ______ with log per capita income within countries and between

A

Linearly

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11
Q

What country is a paradoxical case? why?

A

U.S.A. is a paradoxical case
• GDP has doubled since 1972
• LS has decreased slightly
• Perhaps due to growth in income inequality?

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12
Q

________ correlations between national wealth and SWB within countries
_____ correlations between income and SWB between countries

A

Strong, weak

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13
Q

Larger correlation b/w wealth and SWB in ____ countries

A

Poor → because most at lower end of income

• Risk of low SWB higher for poor people

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14
Q
  • 1970-1990 economic growth in developed countries =
A

= minimal gains in overall SWB

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15
Q

What is “wanting” material things associated with

A

lower levels of SWB

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16
Q

What was found when comparing LS in US and Calcutta homeless people?

A
  • U.S. = negative, Calcutta = positive
  • All report negative LS re income, housing, health, material resources
  • All report positive LS re food
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17
Q

When measuring SWB around the world who had the highest and lowest?
what was suprising about the results?

A 
• HIGHEST  = Forbes richest Americans (5.8)
• Traditional Masai 
• Pennsylvania Amish
• Illinois university students
• Calcutta slum dwellers
• Uganda university students
• Calcutta homeless
• LOWEST: California homeless: (2.8)
-	Surprising that the range is not as big
18
Q

what do materialist, consumer cues lead to?

A
  • Increased negative affect → people feel worst when they are primed with materialist ideas
  • Reduced social involvement
  • Greater competitiveness, selfishness
19
Q

What are wealthier individuals more likely to do as found by Piffa? what does approval of greed have to do with this?

A
  • More likely to break driving law, steal, lie, cheat to gain advantage
  • Moderated by greater approval of greed → people who approved greed were more likely to do this
  • Those who did not approve of greed but were wealthy were not as likely
20
Q

What is the one exception to money not being able to buyyou happiness?

A

Buying experiences (trips)

21
Q

What are the main differences in how individualist vs. collectivist societies define happiness?

A
  • Individualist: (most Western countries); personal needs, goals, personal agency, individual initiative and achievement → ex.: US constitution of rights
  • Collectivist: (many Eastern countries); social goals, needs and approval of others, cooperation, team play → defined as his/her relationship to those around them, culture, family, community, role in assisting the culture, the family, the community in achieving their goals, being a part of the team, submerging ones identity in the identity of the group to which one belongs
22
Q

in collectivist societies Relation between PA/NA ratio and overall SWB much _____

A

weaker

23
Q

In collectivist, Pleasant emotions explicitly require what?

A

a social component: more linked to interpersonal emotions (friendliness) than to personal emotions (pride → emphasized in Western societies)

24
Q

Asian-Americans, more than European-Americans, made happy by ___________

A

goals that please or are approved by others

25
Q

WHat happened when Chinese & U.S. students write an essay on ‘What is Happiness?’

A

U.S. students
• enjoyment of present life → hedonistic
• Personal agency social restrictions → make decisions towards personal goals
• personal happiness

Chinese students
• spiritual cultivation, transcendence of present
• social obligations → not personal achievement of momentary happiness
• Fulfilling their roles as members of society
• Confucius ideas

26
Q

What does positive affect do?

A

• Preferentially cues positive memories
• Promotes → Flexibility, Efficiency, Innocation, Thoroughness
Problem solving in complex tasks
1) Candle task - 15% solution in control; 70% in PA (after pos clip)
2) remote associates test (finding a 4th word common to first 3)

27
Q

what is the Broaden and build theory?

A

NA prepares us for threat
• Narrows perceptual focus
• Prepares specific responses
PA broadens our thought-action repertoire
• Leads to play, creativity, openness and exploration
- Broadening builds “enduring personal resources”
- Resources enhance health, survival, SWB

28
Q

What are the 4 steps of the broaden and build model

A

1) Start with positive emotions
2) leads to novel thoughts, activities, relationships (resources)
3) enduring personal resources (social support, resilience, skills, knowledge)
4) enhanced health, survival, fulfillment
* then back to beginning*

29
Q

Broadening and undoing causes heightened creativity in ____

A

mania

30
Q

Whats a Global processing bias and what causes it according to broadening and undoing?

A

global processing bias → change from narrow to global and broaden their view of the world
Caused by Induced PA
- PA reverses the effects of NA

31
Q

Where do we find - Increased dopamine

A

→ prefrontal cortex and cingulate cortex

32
Q

What is dopamine associated with

A

reward pathways

33
Q

what does aggression promote?

A

dopamine

34
Q

what is the Prefrontal areas – anterior cingulate cortex associated with?

A
  • Creative problem-solving
  • Openness to information/ exploration
  • Integration of ideas
  • Focus on neg info when when important to the solution
  • Keep multiple perspectives in mind (Cooperativeness, Social responsibility, Improved negotiation skills, Generosity to self, others)
35
Q

in the - Ostir et al (2000): 2-year prospective study of elderly (65+) Mexican-Americans
• Higher PA at start =

A

reduced chances of mortality over 2 years

• Still true after controlling for NA, medical condition, BMI, smoking, drinking status, etc.

36
Q

in the - Levy et al (2002): 23-year prospective study of elderly (~63)

A
  • positive views of aging = lived longer
  • Above mean self-perceptions of aging = 7.5 years longer life
  • Still true after controlling for age, sex, functional health status
37
Q
  • 7 studies find higher SWB = lower ______ rate
A

mortality

38
Q

High SWB predicts (what health benefits?)

A

• Fewer heart attacks
• Better survival from heart disease
• Lower incidence of strokes
- Higher SWB = less smoking, drinking → less likely to smoke and drink less

39
Q

-Pressman & Cohen (2005)’ meta-analysis of PA and health showed…

A
  • High trait PA = fewer colds after virus exposure

* High PA = higher levels of immunoglobin A

40
Q

What does high PA lead to in work and relationships?

A

Work
• PA at 18 = more prestigious jobs at age 26
• Higher PA = higher incomes, though correlation is small
• more pos. job assessments from supervisors

Relationships
• higher probability of marriage, more marital satisfaction
• pos. perception of interaction partners
• More collaborative conflict resolution; more interest in friendship, social activities
• More interest in friendship, social activities

41
Q

What are the 3 factors of happiness?

A

1) Genetics → approximately half
• Children with easy temperament
2) Activities and practices → what we can focus on to increase positive affect
3)Circumstances → little or not control

42
Q

How can one increase SWB

A
  • Pursue significant life goals
  • Be active → physical activity and psychological health
  • Be social
  • Do good → better to give than to receive
  • Find positive meaning
    • Count your blessings, Express gratitude, Imagine best possible self
  • Be open

Psych 2BA3 (11 decks)

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