Positive Reinforcement, Negative Punishment

Question 1

Delay of Reinforcement

Answer 1

Conditioned reinforcers in contextual environment allows for delays of reinforcement of up to 20 minutes

r(G)-s(G) mechanism
fractional anticipatory goal responses : energizes behaviour, results in conditioned reinforcer presented (sG), sG guides behaviour

Question 2

Proprioceptive Conditioned Reinforcers

Answer 2

Body recognizes when you move, sensation of turning right paired with food

Everytime rat turns, salivate, enter box, salivated even more

Each stimuli prolong presentation of final reinforcer (food)

Question 3

Stimulus Generalization gradient

Answer 3

Pigeon pecking at light, reinforced every time they peck at a yellow light

Change wavelength of light a little (i.e orange) pigeon still pecks at it

Change wavelength even more, doesn’t peck anymore

Question 4

Stimulus Generalization

Answer 4

Keep reinforcing at each wavelength so pigeon pecks so matter what colour the light is

Question 5

Stimulus Discrimination Training

Answer 5

Only pecks at one colour

Question 6

Progressive Ratio

Answer 6

of responses needed to get reinforcer increases exponentially across trials

Question 7

Break Point

Answer 7

Measures incentive value of reinforcer (max number of responses an animal is willing to give to get a reinforcer)
i.e. break point for chocolate = 500 responses, break point for strawberries = 1000 responses

Question 8

Second Order Schedules

Answer 8

One schedule controls primary reinforcer, second schedule controls conditioned reinforcer

FR- 5 responses-> food
VR- around every response -> light

Animal responds all the time, sometimes for light, sometimes both

2 schedules combined (any type of schedules can be used)

Question 9

Effectiveness of Partial Schedules

Answer 9

VR schedules have higher rates of of responding than VI

Vi schedules have more stead responding when reinforcement is infrequent

Encourages persistent behaviour

Question 10

Partial Reinforcement Extinction Effect (PREE)

Answer 10

Example of Paradoxical reaction effect

No food in goal box 1, animal runs faster in alley 2

Animal experiences frustration in alley 1, runs faster in alley 2 to get food in goal box 2. Running and frustration is reinforced
Frustration occurs again when they reach goal box 1 again….repeated reinforcement of both running and frustration

When you take reinforcer away, frustration is still present, and that is enough to get the rat to run

At first, frustration is a reaction, but then becomes a stimulus

Question 11

Magnitude of Reinforcement Extinction Effect

Answer 11

Behaviour reinforced by large rewards extinguish faster

Question 12

Over learning extinction effect

Answer 12

Behaviour extensively reinforced can extinguish faster

Question 13

Maintaining Behaviour

Answer 13

Move from continuous to partial reinforcement

Reinforce in a variety of settings

Fading- when removing reinforcer, do so gradually

Move from primary to conditioned or social reinforcers

Question 14

Premark Principle

Answer 14

Access to preferred behaviour reinforces less preferred behaviour and punishes more preferred behaviour

Originally there was some motivation for the less preferred behaviour , but higher motivation for preferred behaviour results in initial motivation to be eradicated

i.e. Parent wants kid to do dishes, knows kid like playing outside. Uses playing outside as a reinforcer for doing the dishes (doing the dishes reinforced, playing outside punished)

Question 15

Undermining Intrinsic Motivation

Answer 15

Punished by Reward phenomenon

Tell child to go play outside (which they probably like they do), and tell them you’ll give them a prize for playing outside… they’ll become less interested in playing outside (only interested in playing outside if they get a prize)