Classical Conditioning I Flashcards by Joanne Lin

CS+

CS becomes an exciter of behaviour

CS causes a response

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Differential Inhibition/ Negative CS-US Contingency or Correlation

CS1 -> US
CS2-> No US

Pair a yellow card with food, and a blue card with nothing and see which one causes a reaction

CS2 becomes inhibitor or behaviour (CS-)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Pavlov’s Conditioned Inhibition

CS1-> US
CS1+CS2-> No US

CS 2 cancels out CS1

Pair yellow card with food until squirrel is trained to get excited when they see the yellow card. Then pair blue card and yellow card at the same time, but no food. At first squirrel should get excited, over time, squirrel will not be excited, when blue is also present

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Testing Conditioned Inhibition

Tests training (induction) of conditioned inhibition

Summation
Retardation of acquisition

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Summation/ Compound Stimulus

CS 3 (a CS+) is presented with CS 2 = no CR

Test CS with any other CS+

Gold card paired with food. Present gold and blue card, if no CR (or minimized CR), then CS 2 is an inhibitor. Inhibitor should work against other stimuli, not just the one it was trained with

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Retardation of Acquisition

CS 2-> US = CR will develop very slowly

Pair blue card (CS-) with food until CR develops, but the time it takes to condition takes longer. Better way to establish how STRONG the CS- is (longer it takes, stronger the CS-)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Fear Conditioning

US- foot shock
UR- jumping
CS- light/tone/context
CR- Automatic and somatic responses (rat freezes, increased heart rate, stress hormones)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Conditioned Place Preference

Inject rat with vehicle (saline or water) in drug compartment

Let rat run around in box for half an hour

Inject rat with heroin the next day in drug compartment and let run around for half an hour

Repeat 4 times, then put drug free rat in box

Increases drug dose= more time spent in compartment (CS+)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

S-S* Learning

Stimulus-Stimulus learning
Cs-US learning
Star implies biological importance

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Alternative to S-S* Learning- Pseudo Conditioning

Increased response to CS that occurs because of mere exposure to the US

i.e. rat enters white compartment because you gave them heroin (doesn’t matter that you gave the heroin in the white box). Maybe the heroin makes the rat respond more to the white than black

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Alternative to S-S* Learning- Sensitization

Increased responding to the Cs occurs because of mere exposure to CS

i.e Rat prefers white room because you put him in the white room a number of time

Solution- give the rat heroin somewhere else

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Alternative to S-S* Learning- S- R Learning

Cs centre directly activates UR centre, completely bypasses US centre (S-S theory suggests that CS centre activated US centre which activates UR centre)

i.e.
Us- stranger
CS- doorbell
Response- barking

Press doorbell, dog barks even though you are not a stranger

by passes stranger centre (US centre), goes directly from door bell centre to response centre

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Test for S-R Learning: US Devaluation

Eat lots of sushi, get sick, drive by restaurant the next day

If salivation occurs, then S-R because you bypass the sushi centre

If salivation does not occur, then S-S because you associate the restaurant with sushi and the sushi made you sick

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Second Order Conditioning

First Order CS- tone
First Order Conditioning- pair tone with food until tone induces salivation (don’t present at the same time)

Second order CS- light
Second Order Conditioning- pair light with tone (no food)and see if light induces salivation- show light and then tone, not at the same time

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Sensory Preconditioning

Sensory Preconditioning- Present tone and light at the same time (no food)

Conditioning- Present tone, then present food

Test- Tone induces salivation, light induces salivation as well

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Conditioned Responses

Autonomic (increase in heart rate, salivation, sweating…etc)

Motivational (emotions)

Somatic (movement towards/ away stimulus)

i.e. Ice cream (US), music from ice cream truck (CS)

Salivation- autonomic
Excitement- motivational
Running towards truck (somatic)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Suppression Ratio

Index used to measure reduction responding for food during presentation of a CS associated with aversive US

Suppression Ratio Index= B/(A+B)

B= # of responses during CS
A= # of responses before presentation of CS

If no fear, A=B and SR= 0.5, if lots of fear, then B=0 and SR=0

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Strength of Conditioning- Laws of Association

Frequency of CS- US association

Intensity and novelty of CS and US

Contiguity

Contingency

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Contiguity

CS- US sequence/ timing- sequence in time that a CS/US is presented

Delayed conditioning

Trace conditioning

Simultaneous conditioning

Backward conditioning

Contiguity

CS- US sequence/ timing- sequence in time that a CS/US is presented

Delayed conditioning

Trace conditioning

Simultaneous conditioning

Backward conditioning

Delayed conditioning

CS presented first, then US is presented while CS is still present

Results in strongest conditioning

CS should precede US and remain on until US occurs to get the strongest conditioning

Trace Conditioning

CS presented, wait a bit, then US presented

Can result in some conditioning but it is harder for animals to learn because the animal might not remember the CS

Simultaneous Conditioning

US and CS presented at the same time for the same amount of time

Doesn’t result in strong conditioning because animal might not notice CS, or does not associate CS with US because US is already present

Backward Conditioning

US presented, CS presented right after

Will not result in conditioning because US presented first

Contingency

4th and most important law of association Developed by Robert Rescorla CS not only need to be contiguous with US (CS occurs with the US), but it also needs to be an accurate predictor of the occurrence of the US

Random Predictor

No relationship between time between presentation of CS and US (sometimes CS presented before US, sometimes after) ``` p(US|CS)= p(US| no CS) Phi= 0 (no learning) ```

Perfect Predictor

Time between presentation of CS and US constant p(US|CS)= 1 p(US| no CS)= 0 Phi= 1 (perfect amount of learning)

Partial Predictor

Time between presentation not constant (US always presented after CS, but timing different) i.e. p(US| CS)= 0.6 p(US| no CS)= 0.2 Phi= 0.4 (Different degrees of conditioning)

Calculating Contigency

Contingency= difference between 2 probabilities Value between 0 and 1 1) Probability that a US will occur in the presence of the CS= p(US|CS) 2) Probability that a US will occur in the absence of the CS= p(US|no CS) Phi=p(US|CS)-p(US| no CS)

Positive Contingency

US more probable when CS is on i.e. Shock contingent upon tone (tone predicts shock)

Negative Contingency

US less probable when CS is on i.e. No shock contingent upon tone (tone predicts no shock)

Random Contingency Group

No contingency between shock and tone

Orosensory Stimuli:

Stimuli that create distinctive texture and taste sensations in the mouth

Object Learning:

Association of one feature of an object to another

Conditioned Suppression:

Suppression of ongoing behaviour due to fear

Lick Supression Procedure:

* Type of conditioned suppression | * Rats drinking, fear CR presented, rat stops drinking

Evaluative Conditioning:

• Liking of a stimulus is changed by having that stimulus associated with something we already like or dislike

Intertrial Interval:

• Time from end of one conditioning trial to start of next trial

Interstimulus Interval/ CS-US Interval:

Time from start of CS to start of US within conditioning trial

Trace Interval:

Gap between presentation of CS and US

Test Trial:

Presenting CS without US and recording response | • Used to compare various procedures and track progress of learning

Latency of CR:

How soon after CR occurs after onset of CS

Pseudo-Conditioning:

Exposure to US produces increased responding to a previously ineffective stimulus

| Random Control Procedure:

* Present US at random times during both CS and intertrial interval * Probability of US same during intertrial interval as it is during CS * Does not prevent development of conditioned response

Explicitly Unpaired Control:

US and CS presented far enough apart to prevent their association, but total number of CS and US presentations is the same as in the conditioned or pair group

Temporal Coding Hypothesis:

* View that classical conditioning involves not only learning what to expect but when to expect it * i.e. Present US 150 ms after CS, rabbits showed CR after 150 ms after presentation of CS

Bidirectional Response Systems:

* Measure excitation or inhibition with bidirectional response systems * Heart rate, respiration…etc (things that will increase or decrease from baseline)