Positive Punishment Flashcards
What are the two major categories of positive punishment?
- Aversive Activities: low probability behaviors that a person would not choose to engage in (behavior)
2: Aversive Stimuli: unpleasant, painful stimuli (environmental event)
How is the Premack Principle utilized in positive punishment?
When a person must engage in a low-probability activity (aversive activity) contingent on engagement in a high-probability behavior (problem bx), the high-probability bx will decrease in the future
What is overcorrection? What are the two main types?
- Behavioral intervention where the client must make amends for the problem behavior in an over-exaggerated way
- Positive Practice & Restitutional correction
What is Positive Practice?
- Repeating the correct form of the behavior related to the problem behavior multiple times
- Contingent on the occurrence of problem behavior
What is Restitution?
Correct the effects of the problem behavior on the environment and restore it to a better condition than it was before
What is Contingent Exercise?
The client is made to engage in physical activity unrelated to the problem behavior
What is Guided Compliance?
- The client is guided physically through the requested activity (compliance situation)
- Guidance is withdrawn if person complies with activity (Compliance is negatively reinforced)
- Involves extinction if the bx was negatively reinforced by escape
What is physical restraint?
- the client, or part of their body, is held immobile
- under 5: lap hold
- 5+: cage hold
- Response blocking is a variation
What is Response Blocking?
A variation of physical restraint where the change agent will prevent/stop the occurrence of a problem behavior by physically blocking it
Cautions in Application of Aversive Activities
- Must be able to use physical guidance
- Can carry out procedure with client resistance
- Guidance does not reinforce client bx
- No harm to client or change agent
What are types of aversive stimuli used?
- electric shock
- aromatic ammonia
- mist spray to face
- facial screening
- noises
- reprimands
What is Facial Screening?
Briefly covering a client’s face with hand or bib
Ethical Issues in Positive Punishment
- Informed consent
- Alternative treatments
- Recipient safety
- Problem severity
- Implementation Guidlines
- Training and supervision
- Peer Review
- Accountability
Considerations in using Positive Punishment
- Functional interventions first
- Differential Reinforcement with punishment
- Consider function of problem
- Choose aversive stimulus carefully
- Varied punishers
- Collect data for treatment decisions
- Address ethical considerations
