Differential Reinforcement Flashcards
What are three types?
-Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior (DRA)
-Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior (DRO)
-Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates of Behavior (DRL)
What is DRA?
Involves extinguishing a problem and reinforcing a desired alternative behavior that serves the same function as problem bx
When to use DRA? What do we need?
Desirable Bx
-must be defined, client must be able to perform, must perform at least occasionally
Reinforcement
-effective reinforcement for alternative bx, delivered FR1, withheld for problem bx
How to use DRA
-Define desirable and undesirable bx
-Identify the reinforcer (for desired bx and problem bx)
-Reinforce immediately and consistently
-Extinguish for undesired
-Shift to intermittent to maintain
-Generalize to all appropriate contexts by as many relevant ppl as possible
Differential Negative Reinforcement of Alternative Behaviors (DNRA)
• Use escape from a noxious stimulus as the reward for the desirable behavior.
• If undesirable bx occurs, they are not allowed to escape
Variations of DRA
• Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior (DRI): the desirable (alternative) behavior is purposefully physically incompatible with the undesirable behavior.
• Differential Reinforcement of Communication (DRC): the alternative behavior that is reinforced to replace the problem behavior is a communication
response that is functionally equivalent to problem bx
• Used during functional communication training.
How to identify reinforcers
• Observe the client and identify the reinforcer for the problem behavior.
• Observe the client and identify high-rate behaviors.
• Ask the client, parents, or teachers.
• Use reinforcer questionnaires.
• Preferences assessment: Present potential reinforcers and measure approach behaviors.
- Single, paired, Multiple stimulus assessment (MSWO)
• Present potential reinforcers contingent on an operant response and measure response rate or duration.
Types of Preferences Assessments
Preferences Assessment: Provide multiple stimuli and see which ones are preferred (person chooses it over and over).
• Single Stimulus Assessment: Only one stimulus at a time to see if approached or not. Which stimulus is approached the most?
• Paired Stimulus Assessment (forced choice or paired choice): stimuli are presented two at a time. See which stimulus is chosen over others
• Multiple Stimulus Assessment: Provide a variety of stimuli and see which ones are preferred. Mark which one is chosen first, then replace it. Ones that are chosen most are stronger reinforcers. May provide same stimuli multiple times but in different organizational patterns.
• Multiple Stimulus Assessment without Replacement (MSWO): Remove each stimulus from the array after it is chosen and record rank. After all stimuli are removed, mix them up and place them out again for the next trial. A few trials will provide the best stimulus for reinforcement.
What is reinforcer assessment?
To determine if item is reinforcer, deliver contingent on bx and show that bx increased
What is DRO?
Reinforcer is no longer delivered after problem bx but is delivered after an interval of time when problem bx did not occur
Implementing DRO
- Identify the reinforcer for the problem behavior
- Identify the reinforcer to use in the DRO procedure
- Choose the initial DRO time interval (determined by baseline)
- Eliminate the reinforcer for the problem behavior and deliver the reinforcer for the absence of the problem behavior
- Reset the interval if the problem behavior occurs
- Gradually increase the interval length
Variations of DRO
-whole interval DRO: problem bx must be absent for entire interval
-momentary interval DRO: problem bx must be absent at end of interval (only use to maintain extinction after whole-interval)
What is DRL?
Reinforcer is delivered contingent on lower rates of responding during a period of time
-used when low rate of bx can be tolerated or bx is only a problem cuz of high rate
-a person can monitor their own behavior (engage in self-control)
Variations of DRL
-Full session DRL: reinforcement is delivered if fewer than a specified # of responses occurs during a period of time
-spaced-responding DRL: a set amount of time must pass between responses for reinforcement
-interval DRL: period of time is divided into intervals and bx must occur no more than once in each
How are DRO and Spaced-Responding DRL Different?
• In DRO, the reinforcer is delivered for the absence of the behavior after an interval of time has passed. If the behavior occurs, the reinforcer is not delivered.
• In spaced responding DRL, the reinforcer is delivered for the occurrence of the behavior after an interval of time has passed since the last instance of the behavior.
• DRO is used when you want to eliminate a problem behavior; spaced-responding DRL is used when you want to decrease the rate of a behavior that occurs too frequently.
