Positions/Arteries Veins Flashcards
what is the plane that divides into UNEQUAL right and left halves
sagittal
what is the plane that divides the body into dorsal (posterior) and ventral (anterior) sections
coronal/frontal
what is the plane that divides the body into upper and lower segment
transverse/horizontal/axial
what joints only move in one plane
elbow, digits (flex and extend)
what joints flex, extend, abduct, adduct
Knuckles, shoulder
what are the 5 movements of the thumb
abduction, adduction, flexion, extension, and opposition
what is the plane that divides into EQUAL right and left halves
median plane
what is the plane commonly used in imaging of the brain
coronal/frontal
what is the plane CT scans are commonly generated in?
axial/transverse/horizontal
what is the x-axis movement?
sagittal (think to cross the t’s would make an x)
what is the y-axis movement?
transverse (think the v looks like a y)
what is the z-axis movement
coronal (think zzzz is death like corona-19)
what is the pollex
thumb
what is the hallux
big toe
what is the shoulder to elbow
arm
what is the knee to ankle
leg
what is the hip to knee
thigh
what is the anatomical term for on same side?
ipsilateral
what is the anatomical term for on opposite sides?
contralateral
what is the anatomical term for towards the upper extremity
superior
what is the anatomical term for towards the lower extremity
inferior
what is the anatomical term for away from the midline
lateral
what is the anatomical term for pertaining to body wall
parietal
what is the anatomical term for pertaining to internal organs
visceral
what is the anatomical term for towards the head/brain
rostral (associated with CNS)
“you create a roster in your head”
what is the anatomical term for towards the feet/spinal cord
Caudal (associated with CNS)
what is the anatomical term for towards surface of body
external/superficial
what is the anatomical term for away from surface of body
internal/deep
what is the anatomical term for towards ROOT of limb
proximal
what is the anatomical term for towards END of limb
distal
what is the anatomical term for decreasing an angle
flexion
what is the anatomical term for increasing an angle
extension
what is the anatomical term for movement towards the body/midline
adduction (think “im adding” in)
what is the anatomical term for away from the body/midline
abduction (think “im abducting the girl away from her parents”)
what is the anatomical term for internal rotation
medial rotation
what is the anatomical term for lateral rotation
external rotation
what is the anatomical term for circular motion? combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction
circumduction
what movements can the spine do?
extension/flexion, rotation, lateral bending (NO adduction or abduction)
what is more functional, pronation or supination?
pronation (typing, writing, etc)
what is the most mobile AND unstable joint in the body
shoulder
most common dislocation
what is the anatomical term for movement of thumb to touch tips of other fingers on same hand
opposition
what is the anatomical term for return thumb to anatomical position after opposition
reposition
what is the anatomical term for rotation of forearm, palm faces posteriorly
pronation
what is the anatomical term for rotation of forearm, palm faces anteriorly (NORMAL anatomical position)
supination
what is the anatomical term for elevation of medial side of sole
inversion (think cleft foot, moving into the body)
what is the anatomical term for elevation of lateral side of sole
eversion
is the thumb a finger
technically NO
metacarpals however are 1-5
what is the anatomical term for drawing scapula laterally and anteriorly on posterior thoracic wall
protraction
what is the anatomical term for drawing the scapula medially and posteriorly on the posterior thoracic wall
retraction
what is the anatomical term for INward angulation of the distal segment of a bone or joint, pointing medially
valgus
what is the anatomical term for OUTward angulation of the distal segment of a bone or joint, pointing laterally
varus (think Sadie RRRobertson, vaRRRus)
what is the anatomical term for closing the mouth
elevation
what body parts can protract and retract
mandible (temporomandibular joint) scapula
what is the anatomical term for opening the mouth
depression
what is the anatomical term for
what is the anatomical term for
what is the anatomical term for
what movements occur at the temporomandibular joints
elevation, depression, protrusion/protraction, retrusion/retraction
what movements occur in the sagittal plane
flexion-extension
plantar flexion-dorsiflexion
what movements occur in the coronal plane
Abduction–adduction
Lateral flexion of the trunk
Upward and downward rotation of the scapula
Radial and ulnar deviation of the wrist
Elevation and depression of the scapula
what movements occur in the transverse plane
Medial (internal) and lateral (external) rotation of the shoulder or hip joint
Pronation – supination (forearm)
Rotation of the trunk, neck or head
Many anatomic structures including muscles and parts of bones are named by descriptive terms. These terms often describe what 4 things?
function, shape, size, location of the structure
how does a muscle work?
it crosses a joint
what is the main muscle supinator of the forearm?
biceps
what is the cubitus
elbow
what is the carpus
wrist
what does rectus mean
straight
what is the type of tissue that is polarized membranes or glands, that line and cover all surfaces of the body
epithelium
can be protective, secretory, OR absorbtive
what is the type of tissue that joins together other tissues, supports avascular epithelia
connective tissue
what is the type of connective tissue has no direct blood supply, heals poorly, no direct nerves, no pain fibers?
cartilage
what are the 3 types of cartilage?
hyaline
fibro
elastic
what are types of connective tissue?* (6)
tendons
ligaments
bones
cartilage
adipose tissue
blood
what are types of muscle?* (3)
smooth
skeletal
cardiac
what type of muscle is found in walls of internal organs and blood vessels
smooth
INVOLUNTARY
what type of muscle is found in heart and proximal parts of the great vessels
cardiac
INVOLUNTARY
what type of muscle is under voluntary control
skeletal
how do skeletal muscles generate more force?
more motor units/cells will use more force
how do cardiac muscle cells generate more force?
by opening up more calcium, cells have to contract stronger, all contract with every contraction
what type of nervous tissue consists of dendrites and axons with neuronal cell bodies housed in ganglia
PNS
what type of nervous tissue consists of neurons, their processes and glial cells?
CNS
what type of tissue conducts electrical impulses
nervous
what is the most abundant type of cartilage
hyaline
articular, costal, nasal, tracheal
what type of cartilage bears the most weight
fibro
intervertebral discs, menisci, symphysis pubis
what type of cartilage is in the external ear and epiglottis
elastic
what type of connective tissue HAS blood supply, HAS nerve/pain fibers, and heals slowly
bone (hardest/densest structures in the body)
what type of bone is on the outer?
compact (dense)
what type of bone is on the inner?
cancellous/spongy
what type of bone is tubular, with a shaft with marrow cavity
long bones
(femur, humerus)
what type of bone is small?
short bones
carpals and tarsals
what type of bone is squamous, skull, ribs, sternum, scapula
flat bones
what type of bone is vertebrae, skull bones, pelvic bones
irregular bones
what type of bone is the patella, develops in tendon
sesamoid bones
what type of bone occurs within a suture of the cranium
sutural bone
what bones provide support?
alveolar bone/teeth*
lower limbs/trunk
cervical vertebrae
skull and neck viscera
what bones provide protection?
skull (brain)
vertebral column (for spinal cord)
rib cage (for lungs and heart)
what are the 5 functions of bones?
1) support
2) movement
3) protection
4) mineral storage (calcium homeostasis)
movement of calcium and phosphates between bone and blood continuously regulated by calcitonin and parathryoid hormone
5) haematopoiesis (blood cell formation)
occurs in marrow cavities of many bones, e.g. femur, sternum, humerus, pelvis
if mineral was removed from bone, what would it be?
too bendable
if collagen was removed from bone, it would be?
too brittle
where is most (99%) of calcium stored?
bones
it is very tightly controlled!
what are 3 examples of fibrous joints (synarthroses)
1) suture (non-moveable) in between skull
2) syndemosis (unites the shaft of 2 long bones)
3) gomphosis (tooth)
what is the term for when slight movement is permitted
amphiarthrodial
what is primary cartilaginous joint, bones united by hyaline cartilage, temporary, replaced by bone, allow growth of long bones – becomes a synarthrosis when bone elongation is complete
synchondrosis
what is secondary cartilaginous joint, bones united by fibrocartilage, permanent, strong, allow limited movement
symphysis
what is a joint that is cartilage to cartilage
articular
when bearing weight, water gets squeezed out, lubricates the joint
what type of joint is freely moveable (diarthrosis) with membrane of fluid
synovial
what are the components of a synovial joint
ligaments
labrum
articular disc/miniscus
fat pads
bursae
what are dense bands of connective tissue (mainly collagen, some contain elastic fibers), stabilize joint
ligament
what is a ligament sprain
stretched or torn ligaments
fibrocartilaginous rim attached to margin of glenoid cavity or acetabulum that deepens concavity of the articular surface - stabilizes joint
labrum
Help to bridge incongruity between bony surfaces, compartmentalize joint cavity into two joint spaces which allow different movements
articular disc
Stabilize the joint and act as shock absorbers
deepen tibial plateaus with which the rounded femoral condyles articulate
menisci of the knee
what is bone to bone
ligament (usually TIGHT)
what is muscle to bone
tendon (usually RELAXED)
what are collections of adipocytes enclosed by a fibrous sheath
fat pads
what are sacs lined with synovial membrane that produce synovial fluid
bursae
what does the lymphatic system remove
removes excess fluid, larger proteins and cellular debris
where are the places where the arteries and veins are flipped
pulm artery/vein, umbilical artery/vein
which are diameter bigger? veins or arteries?
veins (much slower blood flow, so often larger)
endothelium with small amount of connective tissue
Tunica intima
thicker in arteries than veins, contains layers of smooth muscle cells and elastic laminae
Tunica media
what places do veins not have valves
head and neck
what are the large arteries (3)
aorta
carotid
subclavian
what are the medium arteries (3)
brachial
radial
femoral
what helps move blood through veins (3 things)
muscular pump
respiratory pump
valves
is lymphatic system passive or active
passive
it has valves!
one-way system
where does most of the lymphatic system dump into
left subclavian and jugular vein
what % of fluid does lymphatic channels remove
10%
other 90% in the veins
what cranial nerve is included in the CNS?
CN II
what is another name for afferent?
sensory
what is another name for efferent?
motor
SA-ME
Processes of primary ventral rami become rearranged in interconnected networks
plexi
how many pairs of cervical nerves?
8 pairs
how many pairs of thoracic nerves?
12
how many pairs of lumbar nerves?
5
how many pairs of sacral nerves?
5
how many pairs of coccygeal nerves?
1
found in the root of the neck and axilla – axons become rearranged to form nerves of upper limb
brachial plexus
Branches of nerves that give sensory innervation to the SKIN
Cutaneous Nerves
Areas of the skin innervated by a single spinal cord segment
dermatome
what does somatic mean
voluntary
what does autonomic mean
involuntary (THINK automatic)
what is the autonomic nervous system further divided into
sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric
does the sympathetic nervous system constrict or relax airways
relax, wants all the air to stay alive
