Positions/Arteries Veins Flashcards
1
Q
what is the plane that divides into UNEQUAL right and left halves
A
sagittal
2
Q
what is the plane that divides the body into dorsal (posterior) and ventral (anterior) sections
A
coronal/frontal
3
Q
what is the plane that divides the body into upper and lower segment
A
transverse/horizontal/axial
4
Q
what joints only move in one plane
A
elbow, digits (flex and extend)
5
Q
what joints flex, extend, abduct, adduct
A
Knuckles, shoulder
6
Q
what are the 5 movements of the thumb
A
abduction, adduction, flexion, extension, and opposition
7
Q
what is the plane that divides into EQUAL right and left halves
A
median plane
8
Q
what is the plane commonly used in imaging of the brain
A
coronal/frontal
9
Q
what is the plane CT scans are commonly generated in?
A
axial/transverse/horizontal
10
Q
what is the x-axis movement?
A
sagittal (think to cross the t’s would make an x)
11
Q
what is the y-axis movement?
A
transverse (think the v looks like a y)
12
Q
what is the z-axis movement
A
coronal (think zzzz is death like corona-19)
13
Q
what is the pollex
A
thumb
14
Q
what is the hallux
A
big toe
15
Q
what is the shoulder to elbow
A
arm
16
Q
what is the knee to ankle
A
leg
17
Q
what is the hip to knee
A
thigh
18
Q
what is the anatomical term for on same side?
A
ipsilateral
19
Q
what is the anatomical term for on opposite sides?
A
contralateral
20
Q
what is the anatomical term for towards the upper extremity
A
superior
21
Q
what is the anatomical term for towards the lower extremity
A
inferior
22
Q
what is the anatomical term for away from the midline
A
lateral
23
Q
what is the anatomical term for pertaining to body wall
A
parietal
24
Q
what is the anatomical term for pertaining to internal organs
A
visceral
25
what is the anatomical term for towards the head/brain
rostral (associated with CNS)
"you create a roster in your head"
26
what is the anatomical term for towards the feet/spinal cord
Caudal (associated with CNS)
27
what is the anatomical term for towards surface of body
external/superficial
28
what is the anatomical term for away from surface of body
internal/deep
29
what is the anatomical term for towards ROOT of limb
proximal
30
what is the anatomical term for towards END of limb
distal
31
what is the anatomical term for decreasing an angle
flexion
32
what is the anatomical term for increasing an angle
extension
33
what is the anatomical term for movement towards the body/midline
adduction (think "im adding" in)
34
what is the anatomical term for away from the body/midline
abduction (think "im abducting the girl away from her parents")
35
what is the anatomical term for internal rotation
medial rotation
36
what is the anatomical term for lateral rotation
external rotation
37
what is the anatomical term for circular motion? combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction
circumduction
38
what movements can the spine do?
extension/flexion, rotation, lateral bending (NO adduction or abduction)
39
what is more functional, pronation or supination?
pronation (typing, writing, etc)
40
what is the most mobile AND unstable joint in the body
shoulder
most common dislocation
41
what is the anatomical term for movement of thumb to touch tips of other fingers on same hand
opposition
42
what is the anatomical term for return thumb to anatomical position after opposition
reposition
43
what is the anatomical term for rotation of forearm, palm faces posteriorly
pronation
44
what is the anatomical term for rotation of forearm, palm faces anteriorly (NORMAL anatomical position)
supination
45
what is the anatomical term for elevation of medial side of sole
inversion (think cleft foot, moving into the body)
46
what is the anatomical term for elevation of lateral side of sole
eversion
47
is the thumb a finger
technically NO
metacarpals however are 1-5
48
what is the anatomical term for drawing scapula laterally and anteriorly on posterior thoracic wall
protraction
49
what is the anatomical term for drawing the scapula medially and posteriorly on the posterior thoracic wall
retraction
50
what is the anatomical term for INward angulation of the distal segment of a bone or joint, pointing medially
valgus
51
what is the anatomical term for OUTward angulation of the distal segment of a bone or joint, pointing laterally
varus (think Sadie RRRobertson, vaRRRus)
52
what is the anatomical term for closing the mouth
elevation
53
what body parts can protract and retract
mandible (temporomandibular joint) scapula
54
what is the anatomical term for opening the mouth
depression
55
what is the anatomical term for
56
what is the anatomical term for
57
what is the anatomical term for
58
what movements occur at the temporomandibular joints
elevation, depression, protrusion/protraction, retrusion/retraction
59
what movements occur in the sagittal plane
flexion-extension
plantar flexion-dorsiflexion
60
what movements occur in the coronal plane
Abduction–adduction
Lateral flexion of the trunk
Upward and downward rotation of the scapula
Radial and ulnar deviation of the wrist
Elevation and depression of the scapula
61
what movements occur in the transverse plane
Medial (internal) and lateral (external) rotation of the shoulder or hip joint
Pronation – supination (forearm)
Rotation of the trunk, neck or head
62
Many anatomic structures including muscles and parts of bones are named by descriptive terms. These terms often describe what 4 things?
function, shape, size, location of the structure
63
how does a muscle work?
it crosses a joint
64
what is the main muscle supinator of the forearm?
biceps
65
what is the cubitus
elbow
66
what is the carpus
wrist
67
what does rectus mean
straight
68
what is the type of tissue that is polarized membranes or glands, that line and cover all surfaces of the body
epithelium
can be protective, secretory, OR absorbtive
69
what is the type of tissue that joins together other tissues, supports avascular epithelia
connective tissue
70
what is the type of connective tissue has no direct blood supply, heals poorly, no direct nerves, no pain fibers?
cartilage
71
what are the 3 types of cartilage?
hyaline
fibro
elastic
72
what are types of connective tissue?* (6)
tendons
ligaments
bones
cartilage
adipose tissue
blood
73
what are types of muscle?* (3)
smooth
skeletal
cardiac
74
what type of muscle is found in walls of internal organs and blood vessels
smooth
INVOLUNTARY
75
what type of muscle is found in heart and proximal parts of the great vessels
cardiac
INVOLUNTARY
76
what type of muscle is under voluntary control
skeletal
77
how do skeletal muscles generate more force?
more motor units/cells will use more force
78
how do cardiac muscle cells generate more force?
by opening up more calcium, cells have to contract stronger, all contract with every contraction
79
what type of nervous tissue consists of dendrites and axons with neuronal cell bodies housed in ganglia
PNS
80
what type of nervous tissue consists of neurons, their processes and glial cells?
CNS
81
what type of tissue conducts electrical impulses
nervous
82
what is the most abundant type of cartilage
hyaline
articular, costal, nasal, tracheal
83
what type of cartilage bears the most weight
fibro
intervertebral discs, menisci, symphysis pubis
84
what type of cartilage is in the external ear and epiglottis
elastic
85
what type of connective tissue HAS blood supply, HAS nerve/pain fibers, and heals slowly
bone (hardest/densest structures in the body)
86
what type of bone is on the outer?
compact (dense)
87
what type of bone is on the inner?
cancellous/spongy
88
what type of bone is tubular, with a shaft with marrow cavity
long bones
(femur, humerus)
89
what type of bone is small?
short bones
carpals and tarsals
90
what type of bone is squamous, skull, ribs, sternum, scapula
flat bones
91
what type of bone is vertebrae, skull bones, pelvic bones
irregular bones
92
what type of bone is the patella, develops in tendon
sesamoid bones
93
what type of bone occurs within a suture of the cranium
sutural bone
94
what bones provide support?
alveolar bone/teeth*
lower limbs/trunk
cervical vertebrae
skull and neck viscera
95
what bones provide protection?
skull (brain)
vertebral column (for spinal cord)
rib cage (for lungs and heart)
96
what are the 5 functions of bones?
1) support
2) movement
3) protection
4) mineral storage (calcium homeostasis)
movement of calcium and phosphates between bone and blood continuously regulated by calcitonin and parathryoid hormone
5) haematopoiesis (blood cell formation)
occurs in marrow cavities of many bones, e.g. femur, sternum, humerus, pelvis
97
if mineral was removed from bone, what would it be?
too bendable
98
if collagen was removed from bone, it would be?
too brittle
99
where is most (99%) of calcium stored?
bones
it is very tightly controlled!
100
what are 3 examples of fibrous joints (synarthroses)
1) suture (non-moveable) in between skull
2) syndemosis (unites the shaft of 2 long bones)
3) gomphosis (tooth)
101
what is the term for when slight movement is permitted
amphiarthrodial
102
what is primary cartilaginous joint, bones united by hyaline cartilage, temporary, replaced by bone, allow growth of long bones – becomes a synarthrosis when bone elongation is complete
synchondrosis
103
what is secondary cartilaginous joint, bones united by fibrocartilage, permanent, strong, allow limited movement
symphysis
104
what is a joint that is cartilage to cartilage
articular
when bearing weight, water gets squeezed out, lubricates the joint
105
what type of joint is freely moveable (diarthrosis) with membrane of fluid
synovial
106
what are the components of a synovial joint
ligaments
labrum
articular disc/miniscus
fat pads
bursae
107
what are dense bands of connective tissue (mainly collagen, some contain elastic fibers), stabilize joint
ligament
108
what is a ligament sprain
stretched or torn ligaments
109
fibrocartilaginous rim attached to margin of glenoid cavity or acetabulum that deepens concavity of the articular surface - stabilizes joint
labrum
110
Help to bridge incongruity between bony surfaces, compartmentalize joint cavity into two joint spaces which allow different movements
articular disc
111
Stabilize the joint and act as shock absorbers
deepen tibial plateaus with which the rounded femoral condyles articulate
menisci of the knee
112
what is bone to bone
ligament (usually TIGHT)
113
what is muscle to bone
tendon (usually RELAXED)
114
what are collections of adipocytes enclosed by a fibrous sheath
fat pads
115
what are sacs lined with synovial membrane that produce synovial fluid
bursae
116
what does the lymphatic system remove
removes excess fluid, larger proteins and cellular debris
117
where are the places where the arteries and veins are flipped
pulm artery/vein, umbilical artery/vein
118
which are diameter bigger? veins or arteries?
veins (much slower blood flow, so often larger)
119
endothelium with small amount of connective tissue
Tunica intima
120
thicker in arteries than veins, contains layers of smooth muscle cells and elastic laminae
Tunica media
121
what places do veins not have valves
head and neck
122
what are the large arteries (3)
aorta
carotid
subclavian
123
what are the medium arteries (3)
brachial
radial
femoral
124
what helps move blood through veins (3 things)
muscular pump
respiratory pump
valves
125
is lymphatic system passive or active
passive
it has valves!
one-way system
126
where does most of the lymphatic system dump into
left subclavian and jugular vein
127
what % of fluid does lymphatic channels remove
10%
other 90% in the veins
128
what cranial nerve is included in the CNS?
CN II
129
what is another name for afferent?
sensory
130
what is another name for efferent?
motor
SA-ME
131
Processes of primary ventral rami become rearranged in interconnected networks
plexi
132
how many pairs of cervical nerves?
8 pairs
133
how many pairs of thoracic nerves?
12
134
how many pairs of lumbar nerves?
5
135
how many pairs of sacral nerves?
5
136
how many pairs of coccygeal nerves?
1
137
found in the root of the neck and axilla – axons become rearranged to form nerves of upper limb
brachial plexus
138
Branches of nerves that give sensory innervation to the SKIN
Cutaneous Nerves
139
Areas of the skin innervated by a single spinal cord segment
dermatome
140
what does somatic mean
voluntary
141
what does autonomic mean
involuntary (THINK automatic)
142
what is the autonomic nervous system further divided into
sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric
143
does the sympathetic nervous system constrict or relax airways
relax, wants all the air to stay alive
