exam 3 Flashcards
What bone is considered a SKULL bone, not a facial bone?
ethmoid (superior and middle conchae)
What 2 bones form the nasal septum?*
vomer
ethmoid
What does not synapse on the thalamus?
sense of smell
What 2 bones form the hard palate?*
maxilla: majority, anterior
palantine: minor, posterior
What 2 muscles help with closing the jaw?
masseter
temporalis
What are the 2 synovial Joints in the skull?
Temporomandibular joint
Skull sits on top of C1
which scalene inserts on the 2nd rib?
posterior scalene
what are the scalenes innervated by?
ventral rami
What is the only bone not directly attached to another bone?
Hyoid bone
what release hormones, helps regulate calcium levels in the blood
parathyroid glands
what happens when 1 sternocleidomastoid contracts?
Ipsilateral Lateral Bend + Contralateral Rotation
What nerve is enclosed in a sheath with the carotid artery and internal jugular vein?
vagus
What nerve runs between the anterior and middle scalenes?
Phrenic
name the 4 suprahyoid muscles
- Digastric (anterior + posterior)
- Stylohyoid
- Mylohyoid
- Geniohyoid
what do the suprahyoid muscles do?
elevate the hyoid (swallowing)
what do the infrahyoid muscles do?
depress the hyoid
name the 3 infrahyoid muscles
- Omohyoid (superior + inferior)
- Sternohyoid
- Sternothyroid
name 3 muscles that attach to the scapula
omohyoid (inferior)
trapezius
deltoid
name the 2 prevertebral muscles
longus capitis
longus colli (cervicus)
what are the 3 branches of the EXTERNAL carotid artery?
- Superficial temporal artery
- Facial artery
- Maxillary artery
What artery is a continuation of the internal carotid?
Middle cerebral artery
Rank cerebral arteries in order of blood flow (from greatest flow to least flow)
Middle cerebral > posterior cerebral > anterior cerebral
What artery is blocked with:
frontal lobe issues, behavior issues, some motor function issues?
Anterior cerebral
What artery is blocked with:
temporal and parietal issues, paralyzed + no sensation on opposite side, Broca and Wernicke issues?
Middle cerebral
What artery is blocked with:
vision issues, occipital lobe issues?
posterior cerebral
What artery provides blood to spinal cord?
anterior spinal
What is damaged in the brain if a person cannot speak?
Broca’s (“Broca is broken not a word is spoken”)
What is damaged in the brain if a person is speaking gibberish?
Wernicke’s (“Thinking is tricky if you damage Wernicke”)
When does the 1 tube split into 2 tubes?
Laryngopharynx
What type of cartilage is the epiglottis and ear?
elastic
What opens the vocal cords?
Arytenoid cartilage (“looks like the choosing hat from harry potter”)
what type of cartilage makes up the larynx?
hyaline
What is the larynx innervated by?
Recurrent laryngeal nerves
which laryngeal nerve is more susceptible to damage
left side is more susceptible to damage* (hooks around aortic arch)
What nerve does the recurrent laryngeal nerves branch from?
vagus
What nerve runs between esophagus and aorta?
vagus
What is most common reason for ulcers?
H pylori
2nd: NSAIDs
What conjunctiva lines the EYELID?
Palpebral conjunctiva
What conjunctiva lines the eyeBALL?
Bulbar conjunctiva
what is mydriasis?
dilation, sympathetic
what is miosis?
constriction, parasympathetic
curved, outer portion of eye
Cornea
contraction makes lens get thicker
ciliary body
refracts light
lens
everything behind the lens
posterior compartment
outer layer of the eye
sclera
middle layer, with blood vessels in the eye
choroid
inner layer, light-sensitive nerve tissue
retina
inside, back surface of the eye
fundus
area of acute vision, ALL cones (color)
macula lutea
center, most acute color-vision (cones)
fovea centralis
“blind spot”
optic disk
Pathway of Light
Cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor, retina
What are located in the periphery of the eye?
Mostly rods (black + white)
Where does the optic nerve cross?
Optic Chiasma
What type of cartilage makes up the nose?
Hyaline
what is in the middle ear?
malleus
incus
stapes
static/linear balance
Vestibule
moving/dynamic balance
Semicircular canals
What does high frequencies (<50 Hz) stimulate?
BEGINNING of the cochlea
What does low frequencies (>200 Hz) stimulate?
END of the cochlea
Unilateral hearing loss, on forehead
Weber Test
Tests each ear, behind the ear
Rinne Test
What is the longitudinal dura mater that separates cerebral hemispheres?
Falx cerebri
What is the dura mater that separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum?
Tentorium cerebelli
What are DEEP grooves that separate the brain lobes?
Fissures
What is a shallow groove in the brain?
Sulcus
Does the carotid canal go through the entire skull?
NO
It is only EXTERIOR
name the artery that travels through the foramen lacerum
internal carotid artery
What 4 bones form the orbital rim?*
cribriform plate (ethmoid)
CN I
optic canal
CN II
superior orbital fissure
CN III, IV, V1, VI
foramen rotundum
V2
foramen ovale
V3
Mandibular section (both sensory and motor)
V3
Maxillary section (sensory only)
V2
Ophthalmic section (sensory only)
V1
what muscle does the abducens (CN VI) innervate
lateral rectus (lateral/abduction of the eye)
what are the 5 branches of the facial nerve?
Temporal, Zygomatic, Buccal, Mandibular, Cervical
(“Two Zebras Bit My Cock”)
internal acoustic meatus
CN VII, VIII
jugular foramen
CN IX, X, XI
what muscle does the trochlear (CN IV) innervate?
superior oblique muscle of the eye (down and lateral movement)
hypoglossal canal
CN XII
foramen ovale
V3
receives visual info from LEFT visual field of both eyes
right occipital lobe
receives visual info from RIGHT visual field of both eyes
left occipital lobe
focuses lens
dilates/constricts pupils
moves eyes
CN III
true or false:
all motor cranial nerves have SOME sensory proprioceptors
true
what direction does the trochlear nerve (CN IV) move the eye
down and lateral
sensory for surface of eyes, tear glands, scalp, forehead, and upper eyelids
Opthalmic V1 (sensory)
sensory from UPPER teeth, upper gum, upper lip, palate, and skin of face
Maxillary V2 (sensory)
sensory from scalp, skin of jaw, LOWER teeth and gum, lower lip
Mandibular V3 (both motor and sensory)
testing for which nerve:
Light touch/pinprick to face/scalp
Open and close jaw
CN V (trigeminal)
Sensory: anterior 2/3 of tongue
Motor: facial expression muscles; tear glands; salivary glands
CN VII (facial)
testing for which nerve:
identify tastes (sour, sweet); make faces (smile, frown)
CN VII (facial)
Balance/position
Hearing
CN VIII (auditory)
testing: balance, auditory
CN VIII (auditory)
Sensory: taste from last POSTERIOR 1/3, sensory from pharynx, tonsils, tongue, and carotid arteries
Motor: pharynx, salivary glands
CN IX (glossopharyngeal)
Sensory: pharynx, larynx, esophageal and visceral of thorax and abdomen
Motor: muscles of speech (vocal cords) and swallowing (pharyngeal constrictors)
Testing: speaking, swallowing
CN X (vagus)
Motor: sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
Sensory: C3 and C4
Testing: rotate head (sternocleidomastoid) and shrug shoulders (trapezius)
CN XI (accessory)
Motor (some sensory proprioceptors)
Action: muscles of the tongue
Testing: stick tongue out
CN XII
what is the first place axons travel from right to left (connection after the falx cerebri)
corpus collusum
what separates motor from sensory cortex
Central sulcus
true or false:
motor cortex is more anterior
true
true or false:
sensory cortex is more posterior
true
what is sternocleidomastoid innervated by
CN XI
subdural hemorrhage
takes a long time
WINDOW where the stapes is attached, pushes in, causes fluid waves, water is not compressible
oval window
WINDOW at the end of the cochlea that bulges outward in response to pressure placed on the ossicles
round window
true or false:
vestibule, cochlea all have hair and fluid, they bend with fluid movement
true
the entrance to the tear canal
lacrimal punctum
the tunnel of the tears
lacrimal caniculi
help with swallowing, contract in sequence (superior, middle, inferior)
pharyngeal constrictors
what are the purely sensory nerves
1, 2, 8
which nerve signifies taste
CN VII (facial)
enables NEAR/UP CLOSE vision
parasympathetic
enables DISTANCE/FAR vision
sympathetic
where the vision nerves synapse
primary occipital cortex
what would be the symptoms of optic TRACT being cut
eyes are still working, but no visual field
what would happen with damage to LOWER motor nerve
flaccid muscle
what would happen with damage to UPPER motor nerve
spasm muscle
where do almost all of the CN attach
brainstem
which CNs attach to cerebrum (2)
CN I, II
where does the middle meningeal artery come from
maxillary artery (which comes from the external carotid artery)
this is where superior facets/C1 (atlas) rests
occipital condyle
when does the medulla become the spinal cord
when it passes through the foramen magnum
where are the pyramids found
medulla (bulging part)
this is where they cross
what type of cartilage is in the TMJ
FIBROcartilage
what are the 2 bones of the TMJ
temporal
mandible
(lateral pterygoids in between)
what are the muscles of mastication innervated by
trigeminal nerve
what are the muscles of facial expression innervated by
facial nerve
what is the cartilage that opens the vocal cords
arytenoid cartilage
what are the 4 bones of the orbital rim
maxilla
lacrimal
frontal
zygomatic
