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Radiographic Positioning > Positioning Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Positioning Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Compression FX

A

fx of spine produced by compression

wedge shaped appearance of vertebral body

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2
Q

Scoliosis

A

abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

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3
Q

Degenerative Disk Disease

A

gradual degenerative changes to spine associated with aging

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4
Q

Lordosis “swayback”

A

the lumbar curvature is exaggerated
may be caused by pregnancy, extreme obesity, poor posture, rickets, or tuberculosis of the spine
increased concavity

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5
Q

Kyphosis “humpback”

A

abnormal thoracic curvature
increased convexity
caused by poor posture, rickets, or tuberculosis of the spine

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6
Q

Hangman’s Fracture

A

result of acute hyperextension of the head on the neck
appears as a fracture of the arch of C2 anterior to the inferior facet and is usually associated with anterior subluxation of C2 on C3

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7
Q

Typical vertebral anatomy

A

Two main parts:
Body- weight bearing part of the vertebrae
Vertebral Arch- half ring of bone and helps make the vertebral foramen. All of the vertebral foramen make up the vertebral canal which the spinal cords fit through.
Pedicle, Laminae, a Spinous Process, and Transverse Processes are on the arch.

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8
Q

Intervertebral Joints of typical vertebrae

A

Allow for flexibility and movement in the spine.

these joints lie between the vertebral bodies.

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9
Q

Zygapophyseal Joints of typical vertebrae

A

made up by 4 articular processes.

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10
Q

Costovertebral Joints

A

connect ribs to vertebrae

found only on Thoracic spine

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11
Q

Intervertebral foramina of typical vertebrae

A

made by the superior and inferior margins of adjoining pedicles
Spinal nerves and blood vessels pass through these foramina

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12
Q

Intervetebral disk

A

Fibrocartiliginous disks between thebodies of vertebrae except between C1 and C2
Consists of an outer fibrous portion called the annulus fibrosus, and the soft jelly like part called the nucleus pulposus.

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13
Q

HNP (herniated nucleus pulposus)

A

When soft part protrudes through the fibrous layer, it presses on the spinal cord causing pain and discomfort. It is sometimes called a slipped disk or HNP.

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14
Q

Vertebral Column:

A

Spinal Canal
Spinal Cord
Intervetebral Disks

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15
Q

Spinal Canal

A

starts at the base of the skull and extends into the sacrum
follows the curves of the spinal vertebrae
contains the spinal cord and is filled with cerebral fluid

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16
Q

Spinal Cord

A

enclosed and protected by the spinal canal
starts at the Medulla Oblongata in the brain
moves through all of the vertebrae all the way till about the 1st lumbar vertebrae
from the 1st lumbar vertebrae it tapers off into the Conus Medulliarus

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17
Q

Intervertebral Disks

A

these are really tough disks which separate the vertebrae and provide cushion spacing, movement, and stability
Annulus fibrosus is the outer fibrous portion
Nucleus pulposus is the soft inner part

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18
Q 
Vertebrae Sections of the neck-
Cervical Spine (c-spine)
A

C1-C7
show little resemblance to other vertebrae
gets larger as they move downwards to the t-spine

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19
Q

C-Spine Characteristics

A

Bifid Spinous Process tips
Overlapping (lipping) vertebral bodies
Transverse Foramina

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20
Q

C1

A

Atlas
has no vertebral body
has a thick arch called Anterior Arch on which includes the anterior tubercle

21
Q

Atlas

A

has a transverse atlantal ligament which holds the ondontoid (dens) in place (the dens is actually part of C2) fits like a ring on a finger
has two superior articular processes which articulate with the occipital condyles of the skull
called the atlantooccipital articulation
segments of bone between the superior and inferior articular processes are called lateral masses on C1 only
C1 supports weight of the head
Incorrect positioning of C1 can cause the radiologist to think there is damage or injury to the spine

22
Q

Axis

A

C2
this is where rotation of the head occurs
whiplash injuries can cause the dens to break and cause possible damage to the spinal cord
C2 often hides behind the jaw and teeth on open mouth projections, but parts of it should still be seen.

23
Q

Zygapophyseal Joint Spaces of the cspine

A

are only seen on an AP Open mouth projection for C1 and C2

24
Q

C3-C6

A

have typical cervical vertebrae

The Transverse processes arise from the pedicle and body and include transverse foramen

25
Q

Transverse foramen of cspine

A

nerves, arteries, and veins pass the transverse foramen of cspine

26
Q

Typical Cervical vertebrae

A

have 3 vertebral foramina

Each vertebrae has a bifid tip.

27
Q

Zygapophyseal joint spaces for C1-C7

A

are ONLY seen on the Lateral Projection of the c spine

28
Q

Intervertebral Foramina for cspine

A

are ONY seen at a 45 degree angle to the MidSagital Plane (MSP) and at a 15 degree inferior angle.
15-20 degrees caudal tube angle for AP Oblique
15 degree cephalic angle for PA Oblique

29
Q

C7

A

resembles more of a t-spine vertebrae and is called the vertebral prominens which is a bony landmark.
on Laterals and AP’s always count from C7 up

30
Q

Thoracic spine (T1-T12)

A

sometimes called the Dorsal spine. Wrong because the entire spine is on the dorsal side of the body

31
Q

T1-T4

A

share features of cervical vertebrae

32
Q

T5-T8

A

are typical t-spine vertebrae

33
Q

T9-T12

A

are larger and share characteristics of lumbar vertebrae

34
Q

Facets

A

Each t-spine has either a full or demi facet and accepts a head of a rib to form a costovertebral joint (rib to vertebrae)

35
Q

T1-T10

A

have costotransverse joints (rib to transverse process) which articulatethe transverse processes and a rib.

36
Q

T11& T12

A

ONLY have a rib articulation at the vertebrae (costovertebral)

37
Q

T-spine characteristics

A

elongated spinous process which is located very inferior

38
Q

Zygapophyseal joint space

A

inferior articular process faces forward to meet the superior articular processes of the vertebrae below.

39
Q

Zygapophyseal joint space of T-spine

A

can only be seen on an oblique 70 degree projection (which is rarely done)

40
Q

Intervertebral foramina of T-spine

A

can only be seen on a 90 degree lateral. T-spine intervertebral foramina are made by superior and inferior margins of pedicles.

41
Q

C1

Occipitoatlantal Joint

A

Synovial
Diarthrodial
Ellipsoid/Condyloid

42
Q

C1-C2

R and L lateral atlantoaxial Joint

A

Synovial
Diarthrodial
Plane/gliding

43
Q

C1-C2

Medial atlantoaxial Joint

A

Synovial
Diarthrodial
Trochoid/pivot

44
Q

C2-T12

Intervertebral Joint

A

Cartilaginous (symphysis)

Amphiarthrodial (slightly movable)

45
Q

C2-T12

Zygapophyseal joint

A

Synovial
Diarthrodial
Plane/gliding

46
Q

T1-T12

Costovertebral joint

A

Synovial
Diarthrodial
Plane/gliding

47
Q

T1-T10

Costotransverse joint

A

Synovial
Diarthrodial
Plane/gliding

48
Q

Lateral Mass/Articular pillar

A 
Short column(pillar) of bone that is more supportive on the Cervical vertebrae
sometimes called the lateral mass when referring to C1

Radiographic Positioning (16 decks)

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