Chapter 12 Contrast Pathology

Question 1

Zencker’s Diverticula

Answer 1

found at the pharyngoesophageal junction at the upper end of the esophagus

Question 2

Diverticula

Answer 2

pouch or sac of variable size occurring normally or created by herniation of a mucous membrane through a defect in its muscular coat

Question 3

Traction Diverticulum

Answer 3

involves all layers of the esophagus and results from adjacent scar tissue that pulls the esophagus toward the area of involvement. Occurs more frequently in the middle third of the esophagus.

Question 4

Esophageal Varices

Answer 4

abnormally dilated veins in the distal esophagus- often seen with acute liver disease. Best demonstrated recumbent for more complete filling of the veins.

Question 5

Esophageal Reflux

Answer 5

gastric contents return back through the gastric orifice and irritate the lining of the esophagus

Question 6

Cleft Palate

Answer 6

congenital anomaly where the roof of the mouth is open which allows food & fluid to pass into the nose

Question 7

Esophageal Atresia

Answer 7

congenital abnormality where the esophagus fails to fully develop- symptoms seen soon after birth. (choking, gagging, dyspnea, cyanosis) surgery done to correct defect.

Question 8

Pyloric Stenosis

Answer 8

congenital anomaly of the stomach in which the pyloric canal is greatly narrowed because of hypertrophy of the pyloric sphincter.

Question 9

Hiatal Hernia

Answer 9

Protrusion of any structure (especially some portion of the stomach) into the thoracic cavity through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm.

Question 10

Gastric/Peptic Ulcer

Answer 10

erosion of the mucosal lining of the stomach- may be severe enough to cause a perforation of the wall resulting in severe bleeding. Mild cases controlled by diet- chronic may require surgery.

Question 11

Gastritis

Answer 11

inflammation of the stomach mucosa

Question 12

Situs Inversus/Transposition

Answer 12

complete reversal of the viscera of the thorax and/or abdomen

Question 13

Bezoar

Answer 13

mass of undigested material that gets trapped in the stomach- usually made up of hair, vegetable fibers or wood products. Material builds up and may form an obstruction in time

Question 14

Polyp

Answer 14

small mass growing from the mucosal wall- may be either cancerous or benign

Question 15

Achalasia

Answer 15

neuromuscular disorder of the esophagus which results in failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax. Results in dilation of the esophagus

Question 16

Schatzke’s Ring

Answer 16

a type of hiatal hernia where the esophagogastric junction has herniated through the diaphragmatic opening

Question 17

Contrast Media

Answer 17

substance that attenuates (absorbs) the x-ray beam to a different degree than the surrounding tissue. Radiolucent (negative) means that x-rays are easily transmitted through it and appear dark on radiographs. Radiopaque (positive) means that x-rays are absorbed by them and appear light on radiographs. Both positive and negative contrast agents may be used together so that the lumen of organs can be visualized or so that anatomic structures within a space (such as menisci of knee) can be visualized.

Question 18

Contraindications

Answer 18

factors of a patient’s history or present status that indicates that a medical procedure should not be performed or that a medication should not be given

Question 19

Solution

Answer 19

dosage form in which one or more drugs are dissolved in a liquid carrier. Usually rapidly absorbed and may be administered orally or parenterally (injection with a needle and syringe beneath the skin surface)Suspension

Question 20

Suspension

Answer 20

dosage form in which one or more drugs in small particles are suspended in a liquid carrier. Most are administered orally and should be shaken thoroughly just before being given. They should NEVER be administered intravenously.`

Question 21

Fluoroscope

Answer 21

device used for examining deep structures by means of x-rays; consists of a screen covered with crystals on which are projected the shadows of x-rays passing through the body situated between the screen and the source of irradiation

Question 22

Spot film device

Answer 22

equipment that permits the radiologist to obtain static radiographs during a dynamic fluoroscopic examination

Question 23

Gastrectomy

Answer 23

surgical removal of part or all of the stomach

Question 24

Deglutition

Answer 24

Act of swallowing

Question 25

Mastication

Answer 25

act of chewing

Question 26

Peristalsis

Answer 26

the contractive waves of the digestive system. Aids in the transport of food.

Question 27

Cholelith

Answer 27

gallstones

Question 28

Cholelithiasis (Biliary Calculi)

Answer 28

condition of having gallstones. Increased levels of bilirubin, calcium, or cholesterol may lead to the formation of stones. Occur more often in females & often occur after childbirth.

Question 29

Cholecystitis

Answer 29

inflammation of the gallbladder- usually related to the presence of stones within the gallbladder.

Question 30

Biliary Stenosis

Answer 30

narrowing of one of the biliary ducts. Cholecystitis may result from biliary stenosis.

Question 31

Congenital Anomalies

Answer 31

conditions that the patient possesses at birth. Most are benign but may affect the production, storage or release of bile

Question 32

Neoplasms

Answer 32

new growths- may be benign or malignant- if malignant, it may spread to the liver, pancreas or GI tract

Question 33

Cholecystectomy

Answer 33

removal of the gallbladder surgically- usually related to the presence of choleliths

Question 34

Porcelain GB

Answer 34

extensive calcification in the wall of the GB which forms an oval density that corresponds to the size and shape of the GB. The term reflects the blue discoloration and brittle consistency of the GB wall. Extensive calcification indicates possible cancer.

Question 35

Choleography

Answer 35

examination of the GB and the ducts. General name for all types of choleangiography.

Question 36

Cholecystogogue

Answer 36

agent which promotes contraction of the GB- not a contrast agent

Question 37

Cholecystopaque

Answer 37

any contrast media used for GB visualization