Portugal Flashcards
Treaty that increased trade with England in 1386
Treaty of Windsor
When was the Discovery of Madeira
1419
When did the English discover Port?
1678
Where were the first ports being made?
Town of Lamego by a Monastery
English slang for Port?
Blackstrap
Who was the first outsider to make Port?
Christiano Kopke - a German in 1638
First English houses of Port wine
Warre & Co.
Croft
Taylors
Why did prices of Port drop significantly in the 1740s & 50’s?
Fraud
Over manipulation of the wines (elderberries, too much alcohol, sugar, etc.)
Original role of the Douro Wine Company?
Eliminate Fraud
establish boundaries for Port production and practices allowed
When were the boundaries drawn for Port production?
1756
Name for top classification of port vineyards
Feitoria
How many Feitoria were created bw 1758 & 1761?
335
Name for vineyards designated for domestic consumption in Douro Wine Company scheme?
Rama
Portuguese name for Douro Wine Company?
Companhia Geral dos Vinhos do Alto Douro
What else did the Douro Wine Company regulate?
Grape Prices
Pricing on final wines
managed exports
monopolized sale of aguardente
What is aguardente?
Portuguese grape brandy
What is the Douro Wine Company called today?
Royal Oporto Wine Company
Who regulates the Port now?
Douro Port Wine Institute (IVDP)
Name given to Madeira that had undergone a round trip at sea?
Vinhos ao Roda
Portuguese name for round trip (for madeira purposes)
Torna Viagem
When did the Estufagem process begin to replace the Torna viagem wines?
Early 1800’s
What vine maladies struck Portugal in the 1850’s?
Powdery & downy mildew
When did Phylloxera arrive in Portugal? Where?
1867 in Douro
What industry rose after Phylloxera?
Cork production
What were the first Regiao Demarcada regions in Portugal? What year?
1929
Madeira
Dao
Vinho Verde
What two brands became popular around the world during the early 20th Century? What style of wine were they?
Mateus
Lancers
sweet and semi-sparkling rose
When did Portugal join the EU?
1986
During right wing rule did co-ops or growers flourish?
Co-Ops
When did Co-ops lose monopoly of wine production?
After ascension to EU
Term for single estate in Portugal?
Quinta
Traditional labeling terms for DOP and IGP wines?
DOC (Denominacao de Origem Controlada) is the DOP Equivalent
VR (Vinhos Regional) is the IGP equivalent
Define Garrafeira
‘Private wine Cellar’ indicates a minimum period of aging for vintage dated DOP/IGP wines
Min aging for Tinto Garrafeira wines?
Min 30 mo incl. 12 mo in bottle
Min aging for Branco/Rosado Garrafeira wines?
Min 12 mo incl min 6 mo in bottle
Does Port have a Garrafeira classification?
Yes: must be vintage dated and indicates maturation for 8 years in glass demijohns after aging in barrel for “a few years”
Who pioneered the Garrafeira classification in Port production?
Neipoort
What does Reserva indicate on a bottle of still Portuguese wine?
Alcohol is at least 0.5% higher than DOP/IGP requirements
Can be superseded by stricter DOP/IGP law
Reserva indication for traditional method sparkling wine in Portugal?
Min 12 mo on lees prior to disgorgement
Colheita Seleccionada indication in Portugal?
Minimum 1% higher alcohol content than DOP/IGP regulations
What is a synonym for Castelao that was produced as a brand?
Periquita - brand started by Lancers (sister company to J.M. da Fonseca)
What is a Casta?
Portuguese name for grape variety
Synonym for Jaen?
Mencia
Synonyms for Touriga Nacional
Bical Tinto
Mortagua
Preto
Most planted variety in Portugal
Tinta Roriz (Tempranillo)
Most planted white grape in Portugal?
Fernao Pires (aka Maria Gomes in Bairrada)
Style of wine produced from Encruzado grape? Where?
Dao
Floral/citrusy white wine
Synonym for Sercial
Esgana Cao (Literally “dog strangler”) on mainland Portugal
Is there a difference between Cercial and Sercial
Yes - totally different grapes.
Sercial - Madeira production mostly
Cercial - used in Ado, Douro, and Bairrada blends
What IGP is Vinho Verde located within?
Minho IGP
Climate of Vinho Verde DOP?
Cool and wet influenced by the Atlantic
What vine malady is common in Vinho Verde?
Botrytis
Define ‘Enforcado’?
Vine training method historically used in Vinho Verde. Vines grow up trees, telephone poles, stakes, anything to raise elevation and lessen disease pressure. Allowed for arable farmland underneath the canopy
How much of the national vineyard is located in Vinho Verde?
15% - largest in Portugal
Most planted variety in Vinho Verde?
Loureiro
Soil composition of Vinho Verde?
Gentle shallow granite slopes dominate
Steep terraced vineyards in mountains further inland
White grapes of Vinho Verde
Alavarinho
Avesso
Azal
Batoca
Loureiro - most planted
Arinto (Pederna)
Trajadura
Subzones of Vinho Verde
Moncao e Melgaco *
Lima
Cavado
Basto
Ave
Amarante
Sousa
Baiao
Paiva
Significance of Moncao e Melgaco subregion of Vinho Verde
Allows for Varietal bottling of Alvarinho both still and sparkling in style
What region sits across the Minho river from Moncao e Melgaco?
Rias Baixas - Condado do Tea
What is the minimum alcohol content for Varietally labeled Alvarinho in Vinho Verde?
11.5% ABV
Permitted styles of wine in Vinho Verde?
Tinto Branco and Rosado still wines
Vindima Tardia
Vinho Espumante (Traditional or Tank method)
Red Grapes permitted for Vinho verde?
Amaral
Borracal*
Alvarelhao (Brancelho)*
Espadeiro *
Padeiro
Pedral
Rabo-de-Anho
Vinhao *
Minimum RS level for Vindimia Tardia wines in Vinho Verde?
45g/L RS
How does vinho verde get its spritz?
White usually a direct injection of CO2 before bottling
Reds from Malolactic fermentation in bottle
Name a producer other than Broadbent in Vinho Verde
Anselmo Mendes
Aveleda
Quinta de Soalheiro
Climate of Transmontano?
Continental - inland in Northern Portugal
DOP within Transmontano?
Tras-os-Montes DOP
Subzones of Tras-os-Montes?
Chaves
Valpacos
Planalto
Mirandes
Styles of wine permitted in Tras-os-Montes DOP?
Red white and rose still
Espumante
Vinho Licoroso (Fortified)
Sparkling wine Aging terms in Tras-os-Montes DOP/
Reserva: 12-24 mo aging prior to disgorgement
Extra Reserve: 24-36mo aging prior to disgorgement
Reserva Velha/Grande Reserva: Min 3 years prior to disgorgement
Soil types of Tras-os-Montes DOP/
Schist
Granite
What major region used to be included in this region prior to the creation of Duriense IGP?
Douro and Porto
How many Red grapes are permitted in production of Duriense IGP
84
How many white grapes are permitted in production of Duriense IGP?
63
Subzones of Porto/Douro West to East
Baixo Corgo
Cima Corgo
Douro Superior
Is fortified wine allowed in Douro DOP?
Yes - Vinho Licoroso made fromMoscatel do Douro
Aging requirements for Red wine of Douro DOP?
May not be released until May 15 of year following harvest
Name all styles of wine permitted in Douro DOP.
Vinho Branco Rosado and Tinto
Vinho Espumante
Colheita Tardia
Vinho Licoroso
Aging requirement for sparkling wine in Douro DOP
Min 9 months on lees
Aging requirements for Moscatel do Douro Licoroso wines
18 months min
What is the soil type of Douro/Porto DOP
Schist
Mountains of Douro and Porto DOPs
Marao
Montemuro
How do the mountains affect the climate of Douro/Porto
Craggy so they act as a barricade ot humid Atlantic winds
Where are densest vines planted in Douro/Porto
Baixo Corgo
What subzone has the most vineyard acreage in Douro/Porto
Cima Corgo
What % of the wine is released as Port in Douro/Porto?
50%
Most important grapes for table wine in Douro
Touriga Nacional
Touriga Franca
Tinta Roriz (Tempranillo)
Tinta Cao
Tinta Barroca
What white grapes are most important for table wine in Douro?
Malvasia Fina
Viosinho
Rabigato
Gouveio
What is the grape used for fortified wines of Douro DOP
Moscatel Galego
What region separates the Douro/Porto from the town of Oporto?
Minho IGP
What is a Barco rabelo?
A ship historically used to transport Port casks from Pinhao (Cima Corgo) to Vila Nova de Gaia - suburb of Oporto where port lodges are
What town is Port historically aged in?
Vila Nova de Gaia
When did it no longer become required to age and ship wine from Vila Nova de Gaia?
1986 with Portugal’s ascension to the EU
Who began popularizing the dry Douro table wines? Small producers or Large Port Houses?
Large Port Houses
Who was the first producer to launch a table wine from the Douro?
Ferreira when they launched Barca Velha in 1952
Significance of Quinta do Vale Meao?
Formerly a primary source of Barca Velha fruit and is now a cult star on its own
What is the minimum RS for any port wine?
17.5 g/L
What are the sweetness levels and corresponding RS levels for Port production?
Extra-Seco: 17.5 - 40 g/L
Seco: 40-65 g/L
Maio Seco: 65-85g/L
Doce: 85-130 g/L
Muito Doce (very Sweet): more than 130g/L
Standard Styles of Port Authorized?
Vinho Licoroso (Tawny, Ruby, White, Rose)
Special Categories of Port production?
Vintage
LBV
Colheita
10/20/30/40/50 Years Old
Crusted
Reserva/Reserve
VVO (Very Very Old)
Aging requirements for Vintage Port
Wines may be sold beginning May 1 of 2nd Year after harvest
*must be bottled no later than July 30 of 3rd Year after harvest
Aging requirements for LBV wines
Aged in cask for Min 4 years and bottled before December 31 of 6th year after harvest
* If aged additional 3 years in bottle may be called ‘Envelhicido em garrafa’ - meaning bottle matured
What does Colheita indicate on a bottle of Port?
Tawny wines from a single vintage and aged in cask for min 7 years
What age statements of Tawny Port may carry the term “Muito Velho”
40 and 50 year old Tawny
What age statements of Tawny Port may carry the term “Velho”?
10
20
30
What does Crusted indicate on a bottle of Port?
Wine has been matured and has sediment in the bottle
What does Ruby Reserva or Ruby Reserve indicate?
A greater quality for Ruby port but no min aging
What does Tawny Reserva or Tawny Reserve indicate?
Must have been cask aged for min 7 years
What does VVO or VVOW indicate on a bottle of Port
Very Very Old/Wine:
Wines over 80 years old - no age statement may be listed on the bottle
What is the size of a pipe?
If shipped or used in the Douro Valley - usually 550 litres
A pipe in VIla Nova de Gaia is 620 litres
A pipe for Shipping port is 534.24 litres
What is the lei do terco or Law of the Third?
Law restricting sales of Port to 1/3 of a houses total inventory annually
What is the Beneficio in Port production?
A maximum amount of wine that may be fortified in a given year granted by the IVDP
How is the Beneficio decided
12 criteria known as the Moreira da Fonseca
What criteria are factored in the Moreira da Fonseca
Location
Altitutde
Exposure
Bedrock
Rough matter
Slope
Shelter
Type of Vine
Planting density
Yield
Training System
Vine Age
What is the max score possible in the Moreira da Fonseca?
2361
What grade is the lowest for an A grade in Porto?
1200
What is the lowest classification of vineyard where Port can still be produced?
I
If a vineyard is rated “G” how much port may it produce?
It may not produce any Port
What % of the Port blend must be preferred grapes?
60%
What are the preferred red grapes of Port?
Touriga Nacional
Touriga Francesa
Tinta Roriz
Tinta Cao
Tinta Barroca
Tinta Amarela
Tinta Francisca
Bastardo
Mourisco Tinto
What are the preferred White grapes in Port?
Gouveio
Malvasia Fina
Viosinho
Rabigato
Esgana Cao
Folgasao
What are Patamares?
Wide terraces that can be navigated by tractor
What is a modern way of planting vines in Douro?
Vinhos ao Alta (vertical rows up the slopes)
What is a lagare?
A low open granite trough where grapes are foot crushed and fermented for port production historically - some smaller Quintas still do
What is a modern technology used to make Port?
Autovinifers - came about in the 1960’s and 1970’s
Invented in Algeria where wine is pumped over the cap by its own buildup of gas
How long does Port traditionally ferment for?
2-3 days
Why is Port fermentation so short?
Maximizes extraction of color & flavor and lets remain fermentable sugars
When does the Beneficio usually occur - ie With how much sugar fermented into alcohol?
When roughly 1/3 of the sugar has been converted to alcohol
What is used to fortify Port?
Aguardente - burning water
Neutral Grape Spirit
What is the ABV of Aguardente?
77%
What is the French term for Beneficio?
Mutage
Generally what is the ratio of Aguardente to Wine in Port?
1:4
What are the IGP regions of the traditional Beiras region
Terras do Dao
Terras de Cister
Terras da Beira
Beira Atlantico
Dao DOP and Lafoes DOP lie within what IGP?
Terras do Dao
When was Beiras split into the various IGPs?
2011
What IGP borders Terras do Dao in the North?
Minho
Barrada DOP is located within what IGP?
Beira Atlantico
Subregion of Beira Atlantico?
Terras de Sico
Tavora-Varosa DOP is located within what IGP?
Terras de Cister IGP
What style of wine is most popular in Tavora-Varosa DOP?
Sparkling wine
Method and aging requirements for Tavora-Varosa Sparkling wine?
Traditional method
Min 9 months on lees before disgorgement
Beira Interior DOP lies within what IGP?
Terras da Beira IGP
Where is Beira Interior DOP?
near the spanish border
Who produces most of the wine in Beira INterior DOP?
Co ops
Subzones of Beira Interior?
Beira Castelo Rodrigo
Cova da Beira
Pinhel
What mountain ranges surround the Dao?
Serra da Estralla (SE)
Serra do Caramulo (West)
Serra do Bucao (South)
Serra da Nave (North)
Serra do Acor (East)
How do the various mountains surrounding Dao affect the climate?
Hot dry growing season but with ample rain during the winter months
Protected from hot continental winds and also from the cold wet winds from Atlantic
What are the subzones of Dao?
Alva
Besteiros
Castendo
Serra da Estrela *
Silgueiros
Terras da Azurara
Terras de Senhorim
Styles of wine produced in Dao
Branco
Rosado
Tinto
Novo Tinto (Nouveau)
Vinho Espumante
Styles of wine in Dao that may be labeled Nobre, Reserva, and/or Garrafeira?
Branco
Tinto
Grapes that are defined as “limited authorization” must have been planted before what year and what % of the blend may they be in Dao?
Planted prior to 1993 and must be less than 40% of the blend if included
Red: Alicante Bouschet, Cabernet Sauvignon, Pinot Noir
White: Alicanto Branco, Pinot Blanc, Semillon
When was the DOC/DOP established for Dao?
1990
Established as a Regiao Demarcada in 1908 - one of Portugal’s first
For a Red wine labeled Nobre in Dao, what Grapes must make up the blend?
Max 85% Combined Alforcheiro, Aragonez, Jaen, Rufete
Minimum 15% Touriga Nacional
For white wine labeled Nobre in Dao what grapes must make up the blend?
Max 85% Comined Bical, Cercial Malvasia Fina, Verdelho
Min 15% Encruzado
Aging requirements for Nobre red and white wine in Dao?
Red: Min 36 months
White: Min 12 months
What DOP lies to the west of Dao?
Bairrada
