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WSET Diploma D3 > Portugal > Flashcards

Portugal Flashcards

1
Q

Carnation Revolution & Return to Democracy

A

mid 1970’s

Joined EU 1986

Production and trade restrictions lifted

low interest loans

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2
Q

2011-2014 Bailout

A

by EU and IMF

austerity programme

export markets important

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3
Q

Climate

A

Atlantic

Mountain ranged in teh inland northerly regions (continental)

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4
Q

Soils

A

Schist/granite in mountains

Clay/Limestone in Coastal

Alluvial soils

Sandy soils

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5
Q

Vineyard Management

A

Reduction of 85k ha over last 30 years in high yield areas

Alentejo - high investment

VSP trellised, cordon or replacement came

Some old bush vines in Douro, Alentego

Irrigation only when quality is in jeopardy, must notify IVDP

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6
Q

Grape Varieties

A 
Tinta Roriz
Touriga Franca
Touriga Nacional
Fernao Pires
Castelao
Trincadeira
Baga
Loureiro
Arinto
Syrah
Roupeiro
Alicante Bouschet
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7
Q

Traditional Winemaking

A

3000-6000L Portuguese oak and Brazilian wood toneis

High tannin from stems

Fermenting and foot treading in lagares

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8
Q

GI systems

A

DOC/DOP

VR

Vinho

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9
Q

DOC/DOP

A

31 in Portugal with regulations, must all be tested and approved

Denominacao de Origem Controlada

Denominacao de Origem Protegida

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10
Q

VR

A

Vinho Regional, PGI wines

14 VRs, less stringent requirements

International varieties usually allowed

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11
Q

Vinho

A

Wines not of PDO or PGI status

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12
Q

Wine Business

A

6.4 mhL

small holdings, large brands like Mateus source from growers

74 cooperatives

Small volume winemakers who own no vineyards –> trend

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13
Q

Exports

A

12th largest wine producing country, 9th largest exporter

Growth in volume & value over 2 decades

France, Angola, Germany, UK by volume

France, USA, UK, Brazil by value

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14
Q

Wines of Portugal

A

founded in 2010

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15
Q

Domestic sales

A

increased over last few years from rise in incomes and tourism

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16
Q

Vinho Verde DOC

A

Northwest corner

Atlantic to west, River Minho on border with Spain, mountains of Peneda-Geres to the east, River Douro to south

9 sub regions, 16,000ha

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17
Q

Vinho Verde DOC Climate and Soils

A

Moderate Maritime from Atlantic and network of river valleys

continental inland

1500mm annually

high vintage variation, affects yields

Granitic bedrock with shallow topsoil of decomposed granite with good drainage

Low fertility soils

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18
Q

Vinho Verde DOC Vineyard Management

A

Fungal disease

Traditionally vines trained up trees for airflow

VSP, single or double Guyot (replacement cane)

Lyre system

trained high for airflow

Summer pruning

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19
Q

Vinho Verde DOC Grape Varieties

A

2019: 81% white 14% red 5% rose

Loureiro
Alvarinho
Pederna
Avesso
Trajadura
VInhao
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20
Q

Loureiro

A

Vinho Verde, most widely grown

mostly coastal

mid-ripening

medium (+) acidity

citrus, pear, floral, herbal

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21
Q

Alvarinho

A

Vinho Verde, 2nd most widely grown

Albarino

Citrus, peach, tropical

Medium (+) body, medium (+) to high acidity

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22
Q

Pederna

A

Vinho Verde, 3rd most planted

Arinto

Mid ripening

neutral, with citrus and apple

high acidity

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23
Q

Avessa

A

Vinho Verde

Late ripening, can sometimes not ripen fully

Inland (Baiao)

lower acidity, full bodied, citrus and stone fruit

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24
Q

Trajadura

A

Vinho Verde
Low acidity
apple and peach
usually blended

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25
Vinhao
Vinho Verde Sousao/Souson black grape, deeply coloured with cherry fruit and high acidity
26
Vinho Verde winemaking, high volume and inexpensive
protective and cool ferment in stainless steel with some carbon dioxide added at bottling for spritz Low alcohol, medium (+) to high acidity, apple, citrus, peach
27
Vinho Verde winemaking, premium
single varietal and single sub region Ambient yeasts, old oak, lees minimum 9% abv
28
Single varietal Alvarinho from Moncao e Melgaco
Single varietal Alvarinho from Moncao e Melgaco must have lower maximum yields and min 11.5%
29
Vinho Verde Wine Business
17250 grape growers cultivating 1588ha very fragmented 400 bottle their own wines 35% exported Germany, USA, Brazil, France
30
Douro Climate
Warm Continental, depending on site Baixo Corgo: cooler and more maritime - 900mm Cima Corgo: warmer and drier - 700mm Douro Superior: hot and arid - 450mm
31
Douro Soils
Schist with shallow topsoil of decomposed schist Low in organic matter, stony texture, well draining stores water through vertical layers in schist bedrock Can irrigate if they notify IVDP
32
Douro Vineyard Management
Terraces See Port chapter - finish flashcard later
33
Douro Black Grape Varieties
``` Touriga Nacional Touriga Franca Tinta Roriz Tinta Barroca Tinta Cao ```
34
Touriga Franca
Retains acidity Ripe but not jammy black fruits Medium body, alcohol, red and black fruit with floral
35
Touriga Nacional
Retains acidity Ripe but not jammy black fruits High level of colour and tannin Black fruits with violet, rose, orange blossom
36
Sousao
Increased plantings recently high acidity
37
Douro White Grape Varieties
Viosinho Rabigato Gouveio Moscatel Galego Branco
38
Viosinho
Full-bodied with floral and stone fruit notes Can lack acidity
39
Rabigato
High acidity | Citrus & floral
40
Gouvelo
Godello Medium (+) acidity, citrus and stone fruit
41
Moscatel Galego Branco
Muscat Blanc a Petits Grains
42
Douro Wine Styles
70% red wines 25% of sales white wines small amount of dry rose from short maceration from inexpensive, early drinking to premium and super premium
43
Douro Winemaking Red Wines
Destemmed to lower tannin Stainless Steel for temperature control Low ferment temp for red (24-28C) for control over tannin extraction Lagares Early drinking wines pressed after ferment, or post fermentation maceration
44
Douro Winemaking White Wines
Inexpensive, cool ferment, stainless steel Light to medium aromas/flavours, medium to medium (+) acidity, good quality Moscatel to add aromatic intensity
45
Douro Wine Business
Port 60% Douro DOC grown 200k hL in 10 years Port producers also made Douro DOC 23 cooperatives
46
Dao DOC
Further south than Vinho Verde, inland from Bairrada Surrounded by mountains Mediterranean - warm dry summers and mild winters 1600mm in west, 1100 in east, but in autumn and winter majority of land is pine and eucalyptus forests hills, valleys, and mountainsides, mostly at 400-500m but up to 900m Wines generally less full bodied and intense than Douro, higher acidity
47
Dao DOC soils
Weathered granite with sandy or loamy texture low organic matter free draining
48
Dao DOC hazards
hail in summer and spring frosts in flat low vineyards
49
Dao DOC Grape Varieties
``` Touriga Nacional Tinta Roriz Jaen Alfrocheiro Encruzado ```
50
Tinta Roriz
Ripens earlier Deep colour medium to medium (+) tannin full body
51
Jaen
Mencia Moderate acidity Blackberry and raspberry Sometimes carbonic maceration used
52
Alfrocheiro
Medium tannin & body strawberry and blackberry soft, fruity style for early consumption rose wine
53
Encruzado
White grape variety Medium to medium (+) acidity Lemon, peach, floral Neutral vessels or oak with lees (can develop nuttiness) Can be blended with Malvasia Fina, Bical, and Cercial
54
Dao Wine Business
90% of vineyeards small, less than .5ha Sogrape (Portugal's largest producer) paved the way for high quality Young winemakers making premium wine
55
Dao Exports
15-20% exported Canada, Brazil, USA, China
56
Bairrada
West of Dao, by coast Maritime climate 800-2300mm in spring and autumn, bad for late ripening varieties
57
Bairrada Soils
10,000 ha planted area fertile allusvial soils in the west, limestone-clay slopes southern vineyards have limestone-clay soils good for Baga Cantanhede (unofficial sub region in the south): white limestone pebbles that reflect heat
58
Bairrada Vineyard Management
Guyot trained and VSP trellis most common now, traditionally individually staked bush vines, trained high
59
Bairrada Grape Varieties
Baga ``` White: Maria Gomes/Fernao Pires Bical Arinto Cercial ``` International White Varieties
60
Baga
used to be high yield, astringent, little concentration, sold to coops Mateus Rose Late ripening, so premium wines need careful site selection and imited yields to ripen, green harvesting Limestone-clay soils for best balance of water retention and drainage Light coloured soils, pebbles to reflect heat Traditionally fermented on stems, mixed fermentation vessels, large barrel maturation
61
Baga Classico
Bairrada 50% Baga Min 85% blend of Baga, Alfrocheiro, Touriga Nacional, Jaen, Camarate
62
Maria Gomes
Fernao Pires most planted white grape early ripening high yields citrus and floral Medium (+) acidity if picked early, lost acidity quickly
63
Bical
Medium (+) acidity if picked early, lost acidity quickly Early ripening Peach, sometimes tropical
64
Arinto
Apple and citrus, higher acidity
65
Cercial
Apple and citrus, higher acidity
66
Beira Atlantico
VR for Bairrada Some producers use it because they object to international varieties allowed in DOC
67
Alentejo
South eastern Portugal Spanish border to the east Algarve mountain to the south 8 sub regions
68
Vinho de Talha DOC
Alentejo DOC for skin contact wines in amphora Started in 2010
69
Alentejo Growing Environment
Mediterranean Hot dry sumers, mild winters 500mm in south, 800mm in north (autumn and winter mostly), drip irrigation used Plains and gentle slopes, mountains in north, south, and east
70
Alentejo Soils
Granite, Schist, Limestone Sand to clay textures
71
Alentejo Vineyard Management
double cordon with VSP Replacement Cane pruning declining because not enough labour
72
Alentejo DOC Sub regions
8 sub regions Portalegre (northern), cooler, 800m altitude, small vineyards
73
Alentejo Black Grape Varieties
``` 75% black: Aragonez Alicante Boushcet Trincadeira Syrah Petit Verdot ```
74
Alentejo White Grape Varieties
``` Roupeiro Arinto Antao Vaz Chardonnay Viognier ```
75
Alentejo Sales
Larger than any other regions 37% of domestic market by volume, 40% by value 20% of Portuguese exports Brazil, Angola, USA, Switzerland, Canada Wine tourism - close to Lisbon
76
Lisboa
Long thin region from Lisbon up 150km norther 18,000 ha under vine 9 DOCS
77
Lisboa Growing Environment
Maritime climate Eastern side is more protected
78
Lisboa Soils
clay-limestone
79
Lisboa Grape Varieties
Touriga Nacional Aragonez Arinto ``` Syrah Cab Pinot Sauv Blanc RIesling ```
80
Lisboa DOCs
Alenquar Bucelas Colares Carcavelos
81
Alenquar
Lisboa DOC Full-bodied reds from Touriga Nacional and Aragonez + international varieties Good to very good, mid-priced
82
Bucelas
Lisboa DOC high acid Arinto (must be 75% of blend) STainless stell or lees/oak
83
Colares
Lisboa DOC cool, foggy, coastal, ungrafted old bush vines
84
Lisboa wine production
Mostly Lisboa VR
85
Peninsula de Setubal
between estuaries of Tejo and Sado rivers south of Lisbon Mediterranean, hot dry summers/mild wet winters Mountains in the south on clay-limestone DOCs: Palmela DOC and Setubal DOC
86
Palmela
DOC of Peninsula de Setubal Mainly red, must be 67% Castelao (aka Periquita) Deep colour, full-bodied, spicy oak Also other Portuguese & international varieties
87
Peninsula de Setubal VR
larger area, greater flexibility
88
Tejo
inland from Lisboa Mediterranean, north has higher rainfall with clay-limestone and schist soils. River has fertile alluvial soils. South has poor sandy soils. Past: volume from high fertility vineyards recently, higher qulaity from less fertile soils VR and a DOC

WSET Diploma D3 (17 decks)

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