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WSET Diploma D3 > Portugal > Flashcards

Portugal Flashcards

1
Q

Carnation Revolution & Return to Democracy

A

mid 1970’s

Joined EU 1986

Production and trade restrictions lifted

low interest loans

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2
Q

2011-2014 Bailout

A

by EU and IMF

austerity programme

export markets important

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3
Q

Climate

A

Atlantic

Mountain ranged in teh inland northerly regions (continental)

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4
Q

Soils

A

Schist/granite in mountains

Clay/Limestone in Coastal

Alluvial soils

Sandy soils

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5
Q

Vineyard Management

A

Reduction of 85k ha over last 30 years in high yield areas

Alentejo - high investment

VSP trellised, cordon or replacement came

Some old bush vines in Douro, Alentego

Irrigation only when quality is in jeopardy, must notify IVDP

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6
Q

Grape Varieties

A 
Tinta Roriz
Touriga Franca
Touriga Nacional
Fernao Pires
Castelao
Trincadeira
Baga
Loureiro
Arinto
Syrah
Roupeiro
Alicante Bouschet
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7
Q

Traditional Winemaking

A

3000-6000L Portuguese oak and Brazilian wood toneis

High tannin from stems

Fermenting and foot treading in lagares

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8
Q

GI systems

A

DOC/DOP

VR

Vinho

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9
Q

DOC/DOP

A

31 in Portugal with regulations, must all be tested and approved

Denominacao de Origem Controlada

Denominacao de Origem Protegida

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10
Q

VR

A

Vinho Regional, PGI wines

14 VRs, less stringent requirements

International varieties usually allowed

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11
Q

Vinho

A

Wines not of PDO or PGI status

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12
Q

Wine Business

A

6.4 mhL

small holdings, large brands like Mateus source from growers

74 cooperatives

Small volume winemakers who own no vineyards –> trend

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13
Q

Exports

A

12th largest wine producing country, 9th largest exporter

Growth in volume & value over 2 decades

France, Angola, Germany, UK by volume

France, USA, UK, Brazil by value

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14
Q

Wines of Portugal

A

founded in 2010

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15
Q

Domestic sales

A

increased over last few years from rise in incomes and tourism

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16
Q

Vinho Verde DOC

A

Northwest corner

Atlantic to west, River Minho on border with Spain, mountains of Peneda-Geres to the east, River Douro to south

9 sub regions, 16,000ha

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17
Q

Vinho Verde DOC Climate and Soils

A

Moderate Maritime from Atlantic and network of river valleys

continental inland

1500mm annually

high vintage variation, affects yields

Granitic bedrock with shallow topsoil of decomposed granite with good drainage

Low fertility soils

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18
Q

Vinho Verde DOC Vineyard Management

A

Fungal disease

Traditionally vines trained up trees for airflow

VSP, single or double Guyot (replacement cane)

Lyre system

trained high for airflow

Summer pruning

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19
Q

Vinho Verde DOC Grape Varieties

A

2019: 81% white 14% red 5% rose

Loureiro
Alvarinho
Pederna
Avesso
Trajadura
VInhao
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20
Q

Loureiro

A

Vinho Verde, most widely grown

mostly coastal

mid-ripening

medium (+) acidity

citrus, pear, floral, herbal

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21
Q

Alvarinho

A

Vinho Verde, 2nd most widely grown

Albarino

Citrus, peach, tropical

Medium (+) body, medium (+) to high acidity

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22
Q

Pederna

A

Vinho Verde, 3rd most planted

Arinto

Mid ripening

neutral, with citrus and apple

high acidity

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23
Q

Avessa

A

Vinho Verde

Late ripening, can sometimes not ripen fully

Inland (Baiao)

lower acidity, full bodied, citrus and stone fruit

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24
Q

Trajadura

A

Vinho Verde
Low acidity
apple and peach
usually blended

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25
Q

Vinhao

A

Vinho Verde

Sousao/Souson

black grape, deeply coloured with cherry fruit and high acidity

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26
Q

Vinho Verde winemaking, high volume and inexpensive

A

protective and cool ferment in stainless steel with some carbon dioxide added at bottling for spritz

Low alcohol, medium (+) to high acidity, apple, citrus, peach

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27
Q

Vinho Verde winemaking, premium

A

single varietal and single sub region

Ambient yeasts, old oak, lees

minimum 9% abv

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28
Q

Single varietal Alvarinho from Moncao e Melgaco

A

Single varietal Alvarinho from Moncao e Melgaco must have lower maximum yields and min 11.5%

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29
Q

Vinho Verde Wine Business

A

17250 grape growers cultivating 1588ha

very fragmented

400 bottle their own wines

35% exported

Germany, USA, Brazil, France

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30
Q

Douro Climate

A

Warm Continental, depending on site

Baixo Corgo: cooler and more maritime - 900mm

Cima Corgo: warmer and drier - 700mm

Douro Superior: hot and arid - 450mm

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31
Q

Douro Soils

A

Schist with shallow topsoil of decomposed schist

Low in organic matter, stony texture, well draining

stores water through vertical layers in schist bedrock

Can irrigate if they notify IVDP

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32
Q

Douro Vineyard Management

A

Terraces

See Port chapter - finish flashcard later

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33
Q

Douro Black Grape Varieties

A 
Touriga Nacional
Touriga Franca
Tinta Roriz
Tinta Barroca
Tinta Cao
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34
Q

Touriga Franca

A

Retains acidity

Ripe but not jammy black fruits

Medium body, alcohol, red and black fruit with floral

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35
Q

Touriga Nacional

A

Retains acidity

Ripe but not jammy black fruits

High level of colour and tannin

Black fruits with violet, rose, orange blossom

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36
Q

Sousao

A

Increased plantings recently

high acidity

37
Q

Douro White Grape Varieties

A

Viosinho
Rabigato
Gouveio
Moscatel Galego Branco

38
Q

Viosinho

A

Full-bodied with floral and stone fruit notes

Can lack acidity

39
Q

Rabigato

A

High acidity

Citrus & floral

40
Q

Gouvelo

A

Godello

Medium (+) acidity, citrus and stone fruit

41
Q

Moscatel Galego Branco

A

Muscat Blanc a Petits Grains

42
Q

Douro Wine Styles

A

70% red wines
25% of sales white wines
small amount of dry rose from short maceration

from inexpensive, early drinking to premium and super premium

43
Q

Douro Winemaking Red Wines

A

Destemmed to lower tannin

Stainless Steel for temperature control

Low ferment temp for red (24-28C) for control over tannin extraction

Lagares

Early drinking wines pressed after ferment, or post fermentation maceration

44
Q

Douro Winemaking White Wines

A

Inexpensive, cool ferment, stainless steel

Light to medium aromas/flavours, medium to medium (+) acidity, good quality

Moscatel to add aromatic intensity

45
Q

Douro Wine Business

A

Port 60%

Douro DOC grown 200k hL in 10 years

Port producers also made Douro DOC

23 cooperatives

46
Q

Dao DOC

A

Further south than Vinho Verde, inland from Bairrada

Surrounded by mountains

Mediterranean - warm dry summers and mild winters

1600mm in west, 1100 in east, but in autumn and winter

majority of land is pine and eucalyptus forests

hills, valleys, and mountainsides, mostly at 400-500m but up to 900m

Wines generally less full bodied and intense than Douro, higher acidity

47
Q

Dao DOC soils

A

Weathered granite with sandy or loamy texture

low organic matter

free draining

48
Q

Dao DOC hazards

A

hail in summer and spring frosts in flat low vineyards

49
Q

Dao DOC Grape Varieties

A 
Touriga Nacional
Tinta Roriz
Jaen
Alfrocheiro
Encruzado
50
Q

Tinta Roriz

A

Ripens earlier
Deep colour
medium to medium (+) tannin
full body

51
Q

Jaen

A

Mencia

Moderate acidity

Blackberry and raspberry

Sometimes carbonic maceration used

52
Q

Alfrocheiro

A

Medium tannin & body

strawberry and blackberry

soft, fruity style for early consumption

rose wine

53
Q

Encruzado

A

White grape variety

Medium to medium (+) acidity

Lemon, peach, floral

Neutral vessels or oak with lees (can develop nuttiness)

Can be blended with Malvasia Fina, Bical, and Cercial

54
Q

Dao Wine Business

A

90% of vineyeards small, less than .5ha

Sogrape (Portugal’s largest producer) paved the way for high quality

Young winemakers making premium wine

55
Q

Dao Exports

A

15-20% exported

Canada, Brazil, USA, China

56
Q

Bairrada

A

West of Dao, by coast

Maritime climate

800-2300mm in spring and autumn, bad for late ripening varieties

57
Q

Bairrada Soils

A

10,000 ha planted area

fertile allusvial soils in the west, limestone-clay slopes

southern vineyards have limestone-clay soils good for Baga

Cantanhede (unofficial sub region in the south): white limestone pebbles that reflect heat

58
Q

Bairrada Vineyard Management

A

Guyot trained and VSP trellis most common now, traditionally individually staked bush vines, trained high

59
Q

Bairrada Grape Varieties

A

Baga

White:
Maria Gomes/Fernao Pires
Bical
Arinto
Cercial

International White Varieties

60
Q

Baga

A

used to be high yield, astringent, little concentration, sold to coops

Mateus Rose

Late ripening, so premium wines need careful site selection and imited yields to ripen, green harvesting

Limestone-clay soils for best balance of water retention and drainage

Light coloured soils, pebbles to reflect heat

Traditionally fermented on stems, mixed fermentation vessels, large barrel maturation

61
Q

Baga Classico

A

Bairrada

50% Baga
Min 85% blend of Baga, Alfrocheiro, Touriga Nacional, Jaen, Camarate

62
Q

Maria Gomes

A

Fernao Pires

most planted white grape

early ripening

high yields

citrus and floral

Medium (+) acidity if picked early, lost acidity quickly

63
Q

Bical

A

Medium (+) acidity if picked early, lost acidity quickly

Early ripening

Peach, sometimes tropical

64
Q

Arinto

A

Apple and citrus, higher acidity

65
Q

Cercial

A

Apple and citrus, higher acidity

66
Q

Beira Atlantico

A

VR for Bairrada

Some producers use it because they object to international varieties allowed in DOC

67
Q

Alentejo

A

South eastern Portugal

Spanish border to the east
Algarve mountain to the south

8 sub regions

68
Q

Vinho de Talha DOC

A

Alentejo DOC for skin contact wines in amphora

Started in 2010

69
Q

Alentejo Growing Environment

A

Mediterranean

Hot dry sumers, mild winters

500mm in south, 800mm in north (autumn and winter mostly), drip irrigation used

Plains and gentle slopes, mountains in north, south, and east

70
Q

Alentejo Soils

A

Granite, Schist, Limestone

Sand to clay textures

71
Q

Alentejo Vineyard Management

A

double cordon with VSP

Replacement Cane pruning declining because not enough labour

72
Q

Alentejo DOC Sub regions

A

8 sub regions

Portalegre (northern), cooler, 800m altitude, small vineyards

73
Q

Alentejo Black Grape Varieties

A 
75% black:
Aragonez
Alicante Boushcet
Trincadeira
Syrah
Petit Verdot
74
Q

Alentejo White Grape Varieties

A 
Roupeiro
Arinto
Antao Vaz
Chardonnay
Viognier
75
Q

Alentejo Sales

A

Larger than any other regions

37% of domestic market by volume, 40% by value

20% of Portuguese exports

Brazil, Angola, USA, Switzerland, Canada

Wine tourism - close to Lisbon

76
Q

Lisboa

A

Long thin region from Lisbon up 150km norther

18,000 ha under vine

9 DOCS

77
Q

Lisboa Growing Environment

A

Maritime climate

Eastern side is more protected

78
Q

Lisboa Soils

A

clay-limestone

79
Q

Lisboa Grape Varieties

A

Touriga Nacional
Aragonez
Arinto

Syrah
Cab
Pinot
Sauv Blanc
RIesling
80
Q

Lisboa DOCs

A

Alenquar
Bucelas
Colares
Carcavelos

81
Q

Alenquar

A

Lisboa DOC

Full-bodied reds from Touriga Nacional and Aragonez + international varieties

Good to very good, mid-priced

82
Q

Bucelas

A

Lisboa DOC

high acid Arinto (must be 75% of blend)

STainless stell or lees/oak

83
Q

Colares

A

Lisboa DOC

cool, foggy, coastal, ungrafted old bush vines

84
Q

Lisboa wine production

A

Mostly Lisboa VR

85
Q

Peninsula de Setubal

A

between estuaries of Tejo and Sado rivers south of Lisbon

Mediterranean, hot dry summers/mild wet winters

Mountains in the south on clay-limestone

DOCs: Palmela DOC and Setubal DOC

86
Q

Palmela

A

DOC of Peninsula de Setubal

Mainly red, must be 67% Castelao (aka Periquita)

Deep colour, full-bodied, spicy oak

Also other Portuguese & international varieties

87
Q

Peninsula de Setubal VR

A

larger area, greater flexibility

88
Q

Tejo

A

inland from Lisboa

Mediterranean, north has higher rainfall with clay-limestone and schist soils. River has fertile alluvial soils. South has poor sandy soils.

Past: volume from high fertility vineyards

recently, higher qulaity from less fertile soils

VR and a DOC

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