D1 Vini & Viti revision Flashcards
Pinot Noir Clones
Pinot Noir 115: low yield, small grapes, high quality
Pinot Noir 521: higher yield, bigger grapes, better for sparkling as skins not needed
Selection Massale
Cultivating cuttings from pre-existing vines in the vineyard and using the best-performing of those. Improves genetic diversity and allows for selection of best vines. If the parent plant is infected however, you run the risk of spreading disease.
Vine Cycle
Dormancy: needs below 10C temps
Budburst: Need average temp above 10C for most varieties, but early budding varieties can burst at below 10C. Compound buds from previous year burst. Late winter pruning can delay budburst.
Shoot and Leaf Growth: Warmth, sunlight, nutrients, water, stored carbohydrates.
Flowering and Fruit Set: Min temperature of 17C for flowering.
Grape Development
Veraison
Ripening
Extra Ripening
Coulure & Millerandage
Coulure: When fruit set has failed for a large number of flowers, due to low carbohydrates (cool temperature, vine stress, vigorous green growth). Some varieties like Cab Sauv & Grenache are more susceptible.
Millerandage: High proportion of seedless grapes, which are smaller and harder and sometimes unripe. Caused by cool, windy weather. Some grape varieties like Chardonnay are more susceptible.
Evotranspiration
The rate at which water is no longer available, from transpiration from the vine combined with evaporation from the soil
Nutrients
Nitrogen: Essential for vine growth, a component in proteins and chlorophyll. Too much means excessive vegetation and too little means not enough vigour and yellow leaves.
Potassium: Essential for vine growth and regulates flow of water. High potassium hinders intake of magnesium which reduces yields and ripening. HIgh potassium means high pH level in grapes. Low potassium means low sugar accumulation, low growth and yields.
Phosphorus: Important for photosynthesis, low phosphorous leads to poorly developed root systems and inability to take up water and nutrients.
Calcium: Important for structure of plant cells and photosynthesis.
Magnesium: found in Chlorophyll and important in photosynthesis.
Climate Classifications
Growing Degree Days
Huglin Index
MJT (Mean Temperature of the Warmest Month)
Growing Season Temperature (GST)
Maritime/Mediterranean/Continental & Cool/Moderate/Warm/Hot
Growing Degree Days
Subtract 10 (vines cannot grow under 10C) from average mean temperature in a month of the growing season.
Multiply by number of days in the month.
Do the same for all months.
Add together for total Growing Degree Days of the growing season.
Huglin Index
Similar to Growing Degree Days, but takes into account mean and maximum temperature and day length at different latitudes
Maritime/Mediterranean/Continental
Maritime: low annual difference between summer and winter temperatures. Rainfall evently distributed through the year.
Mediterranean: low annual difference between summer and winter temperatures. Rainfall in the winter months with dry summers.
Continental: High difference between summer and winter temperatures. Short summers and cold winters, with rapid changes in temperature during spring and autumn.
Cool/Moderate/Warm/Hot Climates
Cool: under 16.5 average temperature
Moderate: 16.5 to 18
Warm: 18 to 21
Hot: 21+
Monoculture
Vineyards kept weed free (and other plant free) with ploughing and herbicides.
Increases yields and keeps cost low, but more prone to disease, nutrients depleted, chemicals seep into ground.
Organic Viticulture
Improve soil and range of microbes and animals.
Compost to release nutrients
Cover Crops to prevent erosion and improve life in the soil
Natural Fertilisers to restore natural balance of the vineyard
Reduction of monoculture with cover crops, hedges, other plants
Still use sulfur and cooper sulfate against mildrews.
Biodynamic Viticulture
Based on Lunar Cycle
Preparation 500 (horn manure)
Preparation 501 (horn silica)
/Preparations 502-507
Compost (with starters of yarrow, chamomile, nettle, oak bark, etc)
Precision Viticulture
Data collected by:
Aircraft sensors (remote)
Tractor sensors (proximal)
GPS or Geographical Inormation Systems
Plot by plot data on soil, vigour, topography, water, plant growth
Vineyard Establishment
Site Selection
Soil Preparation
Planting Materials
Vineyard Establishment: Site Selection
-Slope/aspect/soil fertility/mechanisation
-Moderating factors
-Price of land
-Topography (frost pockets)
-Mechanisation and labour on slopes
-Irrigation
-Ease of access to winery
-Proximity to towns/labour/supplies/distribution
-LAws and regulations
Vineyard Establishment: Soil Preparation
-Drainage
-Soil Structure
-Mineral Composition
-Pests/weeds/old roots
-Topography
-Soil pH
Planting Materials
When choosing grape variety:
-Time of budding
-Duration of annual life-cycle
-Tolerance of drought
-Resistance to disease
-Winter hardiness
-Vigour
-Style of wine
-Yield
-Cost
-Law
-Availability
-Market Demand
Clones
Rootstocks
-Pest tolerance (Vitis Champini resistance to root-knot nemotodes)
-Water (rupestris and berliandieri hybrids like 110R or 140R tolerant of drought)
-Soil pH
-VIgour
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Drought resistant rootstocks
hybrids of v rupestris and v berlandieri
110R
140R
Water-logged soil tolerant rootstocks
based on V Riparia
Riparia Gloire
Saline soil tolerant rootstocks
based on V Berlandieri
1103P
Rootstocks with tolerance to acidic soils
99R and 110R
Hybrids of v Rupestris and V berlandieri
Rootstocks with tolerance to high pH/high lime content
41B
Based on v Berlandieri
Low vigour rootstocks
advance ripening in cool climates
420A and 3309C
based on v riparia
High vigour rootstocks
140R
based on v rupestris
Fertilisers
Organic, Inorganic, Herbicides, Animals, Cover , Mulching
Irrigation
Drip
Flood
Channel
Sprinklers
Non-irrigation water management
Drought-tolerant grapes (Grenache) and rootstocks (140R)
Reduce evaporation through mulching
Reducing competition
Increasing humus to improve water retention
Encouraging deep wine growth
Sunlight exposure
Increases sugar through photosynthesis
Increase polymerisation of tannins, making them less bitter
develop anthocyanins
Decrease malic acid and leaving tartaric acid
increase aroma compounds
decrease methoxypyrazines
Undercropping/Overcropping
Undercropping is when yield is too low so the vines put that energy into more shoot growth, leaving too dense a canopy and lower quality fruit. May result in lower yield the next year because bud fruitfulness is reduced.
Overcropping is when there is too high a yield and the vine uses store carbohydrates to ripen them. This leaves the vine weaker.
Canopy Management Techniques
Vine Training
Winter Pruning
Vine Trellising
Plant Vigour Management
Summer Pruning (disbudding, shoot removal, shoot positioning, pinching, shoot trimming, leaf removal, crop thinning/green harvesting)`
