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Pathophysiology & Pharmacology > Porth Chapter 61 > Flashcards

Porth Chapter 61 Flashcards

1
Q

pigmentary skin disorders

A

Melanocytes:

  1. Absence of melanin production, as in​: Vitiligo, Albinism​
  2. Increase in melanin: Mongolian spots, Melasma
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2
Q

rashes

A

Temporary eruptions of the skin​; Childhood diseases, heat, diaper irritation, or drug-induced reactions

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3
Q

lesions

A

A traumatic or pathologic loss of normal tissue continuity, structure, or function

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4
Q

types of rashes

A
  1. Blanched (white)​
  2. Erythematous (reddened)​
  3. Hemorrhagic or purpuric (containing blood)​
  4. Pigmented
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5
Q

ringworm / fungal infections

A

Superficial fungal infections: Tinea corporis, Tinea faciale, Tinea capitis, Tinea pedis, Tinea unguium, Tinea versicolor, Tinea incognito

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6
Q

primary bacterial infections

A

superficial

  1. Impetigo—appears as a small vesicle or pustule or as a large bulla on the face or elsewhere ​
  2. Ecthyma—ulcerative form of impetigo
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7
Q

secondary bacterial infections

A

deep cutaneous infections; 1. Infected ulcer ​

2. Cellulitis

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8
Q

Human papillomavirus

A

Verrucae (warts) are common benign papillomas.

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9
Q

Herpes simplex virus

A

Type 1: The organism is spread by respiratory droplets or by direct contact with infected saliva.​
Type 2: Genital herpes

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10
Q

Herpes zoster/shingles

A

Localized vesicular eruption distributed over a dermatomal segment of the skin

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11
Q

noninflammatory acne

A

Comedones; Plugs of material that accumulate in sebaceous glands that open to the skin surface

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12
Q

inflammatory acne

A

Papules, pustules, nodules, and, in severe cases, cysts; Believed to develop from the escape of sebum into the dermis and the irritating effects of the fatty acids contained in the sebum

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13
Q

Acne vulgaris

A

Chronic inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous unit

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14
Q

Acne conglobata

A

Comedones or cysts have multiple openings, large abscesses, and interconnecting sinuses; Discharge is odoriferous, serous or mucoid, and purulent; Affected persons have anemia with elevated white blood cell counts, sedimentation rates, and neutrophil counts

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15
Q

Rosacea

A

Chronic inflammatory process accompanied by vascular instability with leakage of fluid and inflammatory mediators into the dermis​; Accompanied by gastrointestinal symptoms​

Types​:

  1. Erythematotelangiectatic ​
  2. Papulopustular ​
  3. Ocular ​
  4. Phymatous
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16
Q

Contact dermatitis

A

Allergic contact dermatitis results from a cell-mediated, type IV hypersensitivity response.​

Irritant contact dermatitis is caused by chemicals that irritate the skin.

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17
Q

Atopic dermatitis

A

Inflammatory skin disorder that is characterized by poorly defined erythema, edema, vesicles, and weeping at the acute stage ​

Lichenification in the chronic stag

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18
Q

Nummular eczema

A

Coin-shaped papulovesicular patches involving the arms and legs ​

Lichenification and secondary bacterial infections are common.

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19
Q

Drug-Induced Skin Eruptions

A

Systemic drugs cause generalized skin lesions.​

Topical drugs are usually responsible for localized contact dermatitis types of rashes.​

Bullous skin lesions ​

Erythema multiforme minor​

Stevens-Johnson syndrome​

Toxic epidermal necrolysis​

Skin detachment

20
Q

Papulosquamous Dermatoses

A

Skin disorders characterized by scaling papules and plaques ​

Psoriasis ​

Pityriasis rosea​

Lichens planus

21
Q

Arthropod Infestations

A

Scabies​

Pediculosis​

Ticks​

Rocky mountain spotted fever​

Lyme disease

22
Q

uvc rays

A

Short (100 to 289 nm); do not pass through the earth’s atmosphere​

23
Q

uvb rays

A

290 to 320 nm; responsible for nearly all the skin effects of sunlight​

24
Q

uva rays

A

321 to 400 nm; can pass through window glass, are more commonly referred to as sun tanning rays​

25
Q

Acute Effects of Ultraviolet Rays of Sunlight

A

Short-lived and reversible​

Erythema​

Pigmentation​

Injury to Langerhans cells and keratinocytes

26
Q

Chronic Effects of Ultraviolet Rays of Sunlight

A

Directly damaging skin cells​

Accelerating the effect of aging on skin​

Producing changes that predispose to development of skin cancer

27
Q

sunburn

A

Excessive exposure of the epidermal and dermal layers of the skin to ultraviolet radiation​

Resulting in an erythematous inflammatory reaction​

Inflammation, blistering, weakness, chills, fever, malaise, and pain often accompany severe forms of sunburn

28
Q

Measures for Protection from the Sun

A

Avoidance of sun exposure​

Use of protective clothing​

Use of sunscreens​

Chemical agents absorb UVR.​

Physical agents reflect UVR.​

Biological agents reduce inflammation.​

Broad-spectrum suntan lotions protect against both UVA and UVB.

29
Q

Photosensitivity Occurring with Drugs

A

Definition: exaggerated response to ultraviolet light when the drug is taken in combination with sun exposure​

Examples​:
Some anti-infective agents​

Antihistamines​

Antipsychotic agents ​

Diuretics ​

Hypoglycemic agents ​

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

30
Q

First-degree burns

A

(superficial partial-thickness burns) involve only the outer layers of the epidermis.​

31
Q

Second-degree partial-thickness burns

A

involve the epidermis and various degrees of the dermis.​

32
Q

Second-degree full-thickness burns

A

involve the entire epidermis and dermis.​

33
Q

Third-degree full-thickness burns

A

extend into the subcutaneous tissue and may involve muscle and bone.​

34
Q

Estimation of Total Body Surface Area Involved in Burn

A

Rule of nines ​

Multiple of 9%​

Perineum 1% ​

Arm 9% ​

Leg 18% ​

Anterior trunk 18% ​

Posterior trunk 18%​

Head 9%
Lund and Browder chart ​

American Burn Association classification of burns

35
Q

Systemic Complications of Burn Tissue

A

Magnitude of the response is proportional to the extent of injury. ​

Hemodynamic instability​

Impaired respiratory function​

Hypermetabolic response​

Major organ dysfunction​

Sepsis

36
Q

Treatment of Burns

A

Immediately submerge area to cool tissue​

Emergency care​

Resuscitation ​

Stabilization ​

Maintaining cardiac and respiratory function​

Intermediate and long-term treatment is dependent on the extent of the injury.​

Protection from desiccation​

Escharotomy/fasciotomy

37
Q

Pressure Ulcers (Bedsores)

A

Ischemic lesions of the skin and underlying structures caused by unrelieved pressure ​

Four factors contribute to the development of pressure ulcers. ​

Pressure ​

Shear forces​

Friction ​

Moisture

38
Q

Prevention of Pressure Ulcers (Bedsores)

A

(1) Identifying at-risk persons who need preventative measures and the specific factors placing them at risk​
(2) Maintaining and improving tissue tolerance to prevent injury​
(3) Protecting against the adverse effects of external mechanical forces (i.e., pressure, friction, and shear) ​
(4) Reducing the incidence of pressure ulcers through educational programs

39
Q

The Development of Skin Cancer

A

Nevi (moles)—benign tumors of the skin that predispose individual to cancer​

Nevocellular nevi ​

Dysplastic nevus​

Great tendency to transform

40
Q

Malignant melanoma

A

Rapidly progressing malignant tumor of the melanocytes

41
Q

Basal cell carcinoma​

A

Neoplasm of the nonkeratinizing cells of the basal layer of the epidermis; most common skin cancer in white-skinned people

42
Q

Squamous cell carcinomas​

A

Second most frequently occurring malignant tumors of the outer epidermis​

43
Q

Four Types of Melanomas

A

Superficial spreading​

Nodular​

Lentigo maligna​

Acral lentiginous

44
Q

Skin Disorders of Infancy

A

Mongolian spots​

Hemangiomas​

Port-wine stains ​

Nevi
Vascular and pigmented birthmarks​

Diaper rash​

Prickly heat​

Cradle cap

45
Q

Skin Manifestations of Common Infectious Disease

A

Roseola infantum​

Rubella ​

Rubeola (measles)​

Varicella​

Scarlet fever

46
Q

Normal aging changes

A

Diminution in subcutaneous tissue​

Thinning of epidermal and dermal layers​

Decrease in the number of melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells​

Decrease and thickening of blood vessels

47
Q

Skin Lesions Common among the Elderly

A

Skin tags​

Keratoses​

Lentigines​

Vascular lesions

Pathophysiology & Pharmacology (35 decks)

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