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Pathophysiology & Pharmacology > Porth Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Porth Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Immune Response

A

The collective, coordinated response of the cells and molecules of the immune system

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2
Q

Innate or nonspecific immunity

A

the natural resistance with which a person is born ​

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3
Q

Adaptive or specific immunity

A

the second line of defense, responding less rapidly than innate immunity but more effectively​

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4
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Cells that specifically recognize and respond to foreign antigens​

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5
Q

Accessory cells

A

Macrophages and dendritic cells​

Function as antigen-presenting cells by the processing of a complex antigen into epitopes required for the activation of lymphocytes

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6
Q

Cytokines

A

soluble proteins secreted by cells of both the innate and adaptive immunity

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7
Q

Chemokines

A

cytokines that stimulate the migration and activation of immune and inflammatory cells​

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8
Q

Colony-stimulating factors

A

stimulate the growth and differentiation of bone marrow progenitors of immune cells​

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9
Q

Innate Immunity

A

Components ​

Epithelial barriers​

Phagocytic cells ​

Neutrophils and macrophages​

NK cells​

Plasma proteins​

Opsonins, cytokines, and acute-phase proteins ​

Induction of inflammatory response

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10
Q

Soluble Mediators of Innate Immunity

A

Opsonins—facilitation of phagocytosis​

Acute-phase reactants, lectins, complement proteins​

IgG and IgM with adaptive immunity​

Cytokines—TNF, interleukins, interferons, and chemokines​

Acute-phase proteins​

Mannose-binding ligand and C-reactive protein​

Complement system​

Cytolysis, opsonization, chemotaxis, anaphylaxis

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11
Q

Innate Recognition Systems

A

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)​

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Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) ​

​

Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

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12
Q

The Complement System

A

The complement system is found in the blood and is essential for the activity of antibodies. ​

​

Activation of the complement system increases bacterial aggregation, which renders them more susceptible to phagocytosis.

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13
Q

Adaptive Immunity

A

Able to recognize and react to a large number of microbes and nonmicrobial substances ​

Ability to distinguish among different, even closely related, microbes and molecules and to “remember” the pathogen by quickly producing a heightened immune response on subsequent encounters ​

Lymphocytes and their products ​

Antigen identification

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14
Q

Humoral Immunity​

A

Mediated by molecules in the blood​

The principal defense against extracellular microbes and toxins

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15
Q

Cell-Mediated Immunity or Cellular Immunity​

A

Mediated by specific T lymphocytes ​

Defends against intracellular microbes such as viruses​

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16
Q

Regulatory Cells

A

Assist in orchestrating and controlling the immune response

17
Q

Effector Cells

A

Accomplish the final stages of the immune response with the elimination of the antigen ​

Activated T lymphocytes, mononuclear phagocytes, and other leukocytes function as effector cells in different immune responses.

18
Q

Antigens

A

substances foreign to the host that can stimulate an immune response. ​

19
Q

Antibodies

A

recognize antigens​

Receptors on immune cells ​

Secreted proteins​

20
Q

Types of Antigens

A

Bacteria​

Fungi​

Viruses​

Protozoa​

Parasites​

Nonmicrobial agents

21
Q

Properties of MHC Molecules

A

HLA Antigens​

Class I: HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C​

Class II: HLA-DR, HLA-DP, HLA-DQ​

​

Distribution​

Class I: virtually all nucleated cells​

Class II: restricted to immune cells, antigen-presenting cells, B cells, and macrophages
Functions​

Class I: present processed antigen to cytotoxic CD8+ T cells; restrict cytolysis to virus-infected cells, tumor cells, transplanted cells​

​

Class II: present processed antigenic fragments to CD4+ T Cells; necessary for effective interaction among immune cells​

22
Q

Antigen Presentation

A

Macrophages and dendritic cells process and present antigen peptides to CD4+ helper T cells. ​

​

Capture antigens and then enable their recognition by T cells​

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Initiation of adaptive immunity

23
Q

B cells

A

Humoral immunity​

Memory

24
Q

T cells

A

Cell-mediated immunity​

Memory

25
Q

Identifying Factors of B Lymphocytes

A

Presence of membrane immunoglobulin that functions as the antigen receptor​

​

Class II MHC proteins​

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Complement receptors​

​

Specific CD molecules

26
Q

Functions of T Lymphocytes

A

The activation of other T cells and B cells​

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The control of intracellular viral infections​

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The rejection of foreign tissue grafts​

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Delayed hypersensitivity reactions

27
Q

IgG

A

displays antiviral, antitoxin, and antibacterial properties, responsible for protection of newborn; activates complement, and binds to macrophages​

28
Q

IgA

A

predominant Ig in body secretions; protects mucous membranes​

​

29
Q

IgM

A

forms natural antibodies; prominent in early immune responses, activates complement​

30
Q

IgD

A

found on B lymphocytes, needed for maturation of B cells​

​

31
Q

IgE

A

binds to mast cells and basophils; involved in parasitic infections, allergic and hypersensitivity reactions​

​

32
Q

Central lymphoid organs (bone marrow and the thymus)​

A

Provide the environment for immune cell production and maturation

33
Q

Peripheral lymphoid organs

A

Function to trap and process antigen and promote its interaction with mature immune cells

34
Q

Functional Groups of Cytokines

A

One group of cytokines (e.g., IL-1, IL-6, TNF) mediates inflammation by producing fever and the acute-phase response and by attracting and activating phagocytes (e.g., IL-8, IFN-γ).​

​

Other cytokines are maturation factors for the hematopoiesis of white or red blood cells (e.g., IL-3, granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor [GM-CSF]).

35
Q

​​Active Immunity

A

Specific protection induced following exposure to antigens​

36
Q

Passive Immunity

A

Specific protection induced through transfer of protective antibodies against an antigen​

Transferred from another source ​

Maternal IgG crosses the placenta and protects the newborn during the first few months of life. ​

IgA in colostrum

37
Q

Development of an Immune Response

A

Fetal development at 5 to 6 weeks​

​

Secondary lymphoid organs well developed at birth​

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IgA and IgM shortly after birth​

Reach adult levels by 1 year of age

38
Q

The Elderly Immune System

A

Declining ability to adapt to environmental stresses ​

Decline in immune responsiveness ​

Decrease in the size of the thymus gland ​

Biological clock in T cells ​

Altered responses of the immune cells to antigen stimulation

Pathophysiology & Pharmacology (35 decks)

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