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Pathophysiology & Pharmacology > Porth Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Porth Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

Cardinal signs of inflammation

A
  1. rubor (redness)
  2. tumor (swelling)
  3. calor (heat)
  4. dolor (pain)
  5. functio laesa (loss of function)
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2
Q

Factors involved in protective responses and bodily repair

A
  1. inflammatory reaction
  2. immune response
  3. tissue repair and wound healing
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3
Q

Causes of Inflammation

A
  1. immune response to infectious organisms
  2. trauma
  3. surgery
  4. caustic chemicals
  5. extremes of heat and cold
  6. ischemic damage to body tissues
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4
Q

Granulomatous Inflammation

A

Associated with foreign bodies such as:

  1. splinters
  2. sutures
  3. silica, asbestos

Associated with microorganisms that cause:

  1. tuberculosis
  2. syphilis, sarcoidosis
  3. deep fungal infections
  4. brucellosis
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5
Q

Vascular changes that may occur with inflammation

A
  1. An immediate transient response - occurs with minor injury
  2. An immediate sustained response - occurs with more serious injury and continues for several days and damages the vessels in the area
  3. A delayed hemodynamic response - involves an increase capillary permeability that occurs 4 to 24 hours after injury
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6
Q

Cellular stage of acute inflammation

A

marked by movement of phagocytic white blood cells (leukocytes) into the area of injury; two types of leukocytes participate in the acute inflammatory response:

  1. granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils)
  2. monocytes (the largest of the white blood cells)
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7
Q

Direction of cellular response

A
  1. margination, adhesion, transmigration
    - cytokines
  2. adhesion molecules
    - selectins, integrins, and immunoglobulin
    - initiation of adhesion
    - aggregation of inflammatory cells
    - movement into underlying tissue
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8
Q

Inflammatory mediators

A
  1. histamine
  2. cytokines
  3. arachidonic acid metabolites
    - eicosanoids (prostaglandins, leukotrienes, Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids)
  4. platelet-activating factor
  5. plasma proteins
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9
Q

Classification of Inflammatory mediators by function

A
  1. those with vasoactive and smooth muscle-constricting properties
  2. chemotactic factors such as complement fragments and cytokines
  3. plasma proteases that can activate complement and components of the clotting system
  4. reactive molecules and cytokines liberated from leukocytes, which when released into the extracellular environment can damage the surrounding tissue
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10
Q

Serous exudates

A

watery fluids low in protein content, result from plasma entering the inflammatory site

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11
Q

hemorrhagic exudates

A

occur when there is severe tissue injury that causes damage to blood vessels or when there is significant leakage of red cells from the capillaries

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12
Q

membranous or pseudomembranous exudates

A

develop on mucous membrane surfaces, are composed of necrotic cells enmeshed in a fibropurulent exudate

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13
Q

purulent or suppurative exudates

A

contain pus; composed of degraded white blood cells, proteins, and tissue debris

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14
Q

fibrinous exudates

A

contain large amounts of fibrinogen and form a thick and sticky meshwork

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15
Q

acute inflammation

A

short duration; nonspecific early response to injury; aimed primarily at removing the injurious agent and limiting tissue damage; self limited; infiltration of neutrophils; exudate

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16
Q

chronic inflammation

A

longer duration lasting for days to years; a recurrent or progressive acute inflammatory process or a low-grade smoldering response that fails to evoke an acute response; self-perpetuating; infiltration by mononuclear cells (macrophages) and lymphocytes; proliferation of fibroblasts

17
Q

Most prominent systemic manifestations of inflammation

A

acute-phase response; alterations in white blood cell count (leukocytosis and leukopenia)

18
Q

Parenchymal

A

tissues contain the functioning cells of an organ or body part (hepatocytes, renal tubular cells)

19
Q

Stromal tissues

A

consist of the supporting connective tissues, blood vessels, extracellular matrix, and nerve fibers

20
Q

Labile

A

continue to divide and replicate throughout life, replacing cells that are continually being destroyed

21
Q

Stable

A

normally stop dividing when growth ceases

22
Q

Permanent cells

A

cannot undergo mitotic division

23
Q

healing objective

A

to fill the gap created by tissue destruction and to restore the structural continuity

24
Q

primary healing

A

small, clean wound

25
Q

secondary healing

A

great loss of tissue with contamination

26
Q

components of Extracellular matrix

A
  1. fibrous structural proteins
    - collagen and elastin fibers
  2. water-hydrated gels that permit resilience and lubrication
    - proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid
  3. adhesive glycoproteins that connect the matrix elements to each other and to cells
    - fibronectin and laminin
27
Q

basement membrane (ECM)

A

surrounds epithelial, endothelial, and smooth muscle cells

28
Q

interstitial matrix (ECM)

A

present in the spaces between cells the connective tissue and between the epithelium and supporting cells of blood vessels

29
Q

steps in development of a new capillary vessel

A
  1. proteolytic degradation of the parent vessel basement membrane, allowing for formation of a capillary sprout
  2. migration of endothelial cells from the original capillary toward an angiogenic stimuli
  3. proliferation of the endothelial cells behind the leading edge of the migrating cells
  4. maturation of the endothelial cells and proliferation of pericytes (for capillaries) and smooth muscle cells (for larger vessels)
30
Q

factors regulating the healing process

A

action of chemical mediators and growth factors that mediate the healing process; interactions between the extracellular and cell matrix

31
Q

two phases of scar formation

A
  1. emigration and proliferation of fibroblasts into the site of injury; deposition of the ECM by these cells
32
Q

causes of impaired wound healing

A

malnutrition, impaired blood flow and oxygen delivery, impaired imflammatory and immu

33
Q

causes of impaired wound healing

A

malnutrition, impaired blood flow and oxygen delivery, impaired inflammatory and immune responses, infection, wound separation, foreign bodies, age effects

Pathophysiology & Pharmacology (35 decks)

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