Pori Flashcards
What is the level of organization of Porifera?
cellular
flagellated sponge feeding cells
choanocytes
porifera: diplo/triplobastic
neither (bc no tissues → no germ layers)
are they sessile or moving?
sessile
Skeletal elements of porifera
spicules or spongin
Spicules are made of —
calcium carbonate (CaCO3) or silica
Reproduction of porifera
asexual (budding or fragmentation)
sexual (monoecious & viviparous, oviparous)
this provides the rigid shape of the sponge
spicules
tiny strands of filaments inside each spicules
axial elements
spicules not with 6 rays
Demospongiae
spicules with 6 rays
Hexactinellida
also known as silica
Sliceous spicules
What body plan is this?
Collar cells lining sponge interior
Choanocytes
What body plan is this?
Capture food and control water flow
Choanocytes
Each choanocyte has a – (a whip-like structure) that beats in a coordinated manner, creating a water current.
flagellum
What body plan is this?
Tubular-shaped cells that form the pores (ostia) on the surface of the sponge.
Porocytes
What body plan is this?
They can regulate the size of the ostia by contracting or relaxing. This helps control the amount of water entering the sponge.
Porocytes
What body plan is this?
Outermost layer of sponge
Pinacocytes
What body plan is this?
Secretes mineralized spicules
Sclerocytes
What body plan is this?
Totipotent cells or undifferentiated cells`
Archaeocytes/ Amebocytes
What sponge endoskeletal component is this?
Protein
[Nature: A flexible, protein-based substance.
Function: Provides flexibility and support.
Occurrence: Predominantly in demosponges.]
Spongin
What sponge endoskeletal component is this?
CaCO3 and silicon dioxide
[Nature: Hard, mineral-based structures (silica or calcium carbonate).
Function: Provides rigidity and protection.
Occurrence: Found in calcareous sponges and glass sponges]
Spicules
gelatinous layer between the outer pinacoderm and the inner choanocyte layer
mesohyl
Three types of canal system
Asconoid, Syconoid, Leuconoid
What is the representative species of Asconoid
Leucosolenia sp. and Clathrina
What is the representative species of Syconoid
Sycon sp. and Euplectella sp.
What is the representative species of Leuconoid
Spongia officinalis and Grantia sp.
What canal system is this?
Primitive form
Single cylinder approx. 1 mm in diameter
Water flow created by choanoderm
Asconoid
What canal system is this?
Larger in size, reaching centimeters
Presence of interconnected canals
Syconoid
What canal system is this?
Large sizes reaching approx. 1 m in diameter
Complex interconnection of cavities.
Leuconoid
Three classes of sponges
Calcispongiae, Demospongiae, Hexactinellida
Common name: Bath sponge
Spongia officinalis
Common Name: Glass sponge or Venus flower basket
Euplectella sp.
What class of sponge is this?
Canal system varies per species
Calcispongiae
What class of sponge is this?
Spicules composed of CaCO3
Calcispongiae
What class of sponge is this?
Leuconoid canal system
Demospongiae
What class of sponge is this?
Endoskeleton composed of silica or spongin, never CaCO3
Demospongiae
What class of sponge is this?
Marine, few freshwater
Demospongiae
What class of sponge is this?
Syconoid canal system
Hexactinellida
What class of sponge is this?
Silica spicules scaffolding
Hexactinellida
What class of sponge is this?
Skeleton is reduced
Hexactinellida
Under what class is the Grantia sp.
Calcispongiae
Under what class is the Sycon sp.
Calcispongiae
Under what class is the Spongia officinalis
Demospongiae
Under what class is the Euplectella sp.
Hexactinellida
If a sponge is cut into small fragments, or if the cells of a sponge are entirely dissociated and are allowed to fall into small groups, or aggregates, entire new sponges can develop from these fragments or aggregates of cells
somatic embryogenesis
skeleton absent or of siliceous spicules WITHOUT an axial filament
Homoscleromorpha
What class has calcium carbonate spicules
Calcispongiae
What class has spicules NOT with 6 rays
Demospongiae
What class has spicules with 6 rays
Hexactinellida
what class has spongin network often present
Demospongiae
What class has syncytial trabecular reticulum
Hexactinellida
what classes have siliceous spicules organized around an axial filament
Demospongiae and Hexactinellida
What class is this?
spicules made of Calcium carbonate
Calcispongiae
What class is this?
spicules are straight (monoaxons) or have three or four rays
Calcispongiae
What class is this?
Most are small with tubular or vase shapes
Calcispongiae
What class is this?
Many are drab in color, but some are bright yellow, green, red, or lavender
Calcispongiae
What class is this?
Spicules are siliceous but NOT six rayed and may be absent or bound together by spongin
Demospongiae
What class is this?
Spicules are six-rayed made of silica bound together to form network
Hexactinellida
What class is this?
Most are radially symmetrical
Hexactinellida
What class is this?
With vase or funnel shaped bodies attached by stalks of root spicules onto the substrate
Hexactinellida
What class is this?
Marine: highly varied in color and shape, with some growing to several meters in diameter.
Demospongiae
are sponges monoecious or dioecious
monoecious
when young sponges develop early while still attached to their parent sponge
vivaparous / internal fertilization
Zygote is retained within the parent and provided with nourishment until it is released as a ciliated larva.
One sponge releases sperm which enter the pores of another sponge.
Choanocytes phagocytize (ingest) the sperm, transform into carrier cells, and transport sperm to the oocytes in the mesohyl to form zygote
vivaparous
Both sperm and oocytes (egg cells) are released into water for external fertilization
oviparous
The free swimming larva of most sponges is a solid-bodied –
Parenchymula
A hollow […] (blastula) forms, with flagellated cells facing the inside
stomoblastula
The blastula undergoes inversion, turning inside out so the flagellated cells face the outside.
The larva, called an […], has flagellated cells (micromeres) at the front and larger, non-flagellated cells (macromeres) at the back.
amphiblastula
In amphiblastula, the micromeres are at the [1] while the macromeres are at the [2]
front (anterior)
back (posterior)
What is the representative species of Calcispongiae
Grantia, Sycon, Leucosolenia
What is the representative species of Demospongiae
Spongia officinalis (Bath Sponge)
What is the representative species of Hexactinnelida
Euplectella sp. (Glass sponge or Venus flower basket)
What class is mostly radially symmetrical?
Hexactinellida
In class Calcispongiae, all are marine except some few freshwater such as –
Spongillidae
a small asconoid sponge that grows in branching colonies, usually arising from a network of horizontal, stolonlike tubes
Leucosolenia sp.
species in class calcispongiae that is small with intertwined tubes
Clathrina
a solitary sponge that may live singly or form clusters by budding
Sycon sp.
After reaching a certain size, may become detached from the parent and float away to form new sponges, or they may remain to form colonies
external buds
made up of clusters of sponge cells, mainly archaeocytes, surrounded by a tough protective layer (helps survive harsh conditions)
gemmules
it is a mechanism of survival of the harsh conditions of winter
gemmules
Gemmules in marine sponges also seem to be an adaptation to pass the cold of winter; they are the only form in which — exists during the colder parts of the year in the northern part of its range
Haliclona loosanoffi
