Pori Flashcards by Ashe xxx | Brainscape

Q

What is the level of organization of Porifera?

A

cellular

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Q

flagellated sponge feeding cells

A

choanocytes

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Q

porifera: diplo/triplobastic

A

neither (bc no tissues → no germ layers)

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Q

are they sessile or moving?

A

sessile

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Q

Skeletal elements of porifera

A

spicules or spongin

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Q

Spicules are made of —

A

calcium carbonate (CaCO3) or silica

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Q

Reproduction of porifera

A

asexual (budding or fragmentation)

sexual (monoecious & viviparous, oviparous)

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Q

this provides the rigid shape of the sponge

A

spicules

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Q

tiny strands of filaments inside each spicules

A

axial elements

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Q

spicules not with 6 rays

A

Demospongiae

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Q

spicules with 6 rays

A

Hexactinellida

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Q

also known as silica

A

Sliceous spicules

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Q

What body plan is this?

Collar cells lining sponge interior

A

Choanocytes

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Q

What body plan is this?

Capture food and control water flow

A

Choanocytes

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Q

Each choanocyte has a – (a whip-like structure) that beats in a coordinated manner, creating a water current.

A

flagellum

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Q

What body plan is this?

Tubular-shaped cells that form the pores (ostia) on the surface of the sponge.

A

Porocytes

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Q

What body plan is this?

They can regulate the size of the ostia by contracting or relaxing. This helps control the amount of water entering the sponge.

A

Porocytes

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Q

What body plan is this?

Outermost layer of sponge

A

Pinacocytes

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Q

What body plan is this?

Secretes mineralized spicules

A

Sclerocytes

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Q

What body plan is this?

Totipotent cells or undifferentiated cells`

A

Archaeocytes/ Amebocytes

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Q

What sponge endoskeletal component is this?

Protein

[Nature: A flexible, protein-based substance.
Function: Provides flexibility and support.
Occurrence: Predominantly in demosponges.]

A

Spongin

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Q

What sponge endoskeletal component is this?

CaCO3 and silicon dioxide

[Nature: Hard, mineral-based structures (silica or calcium carbonate).
Function: Provides rigidity and protection.
Occurrence: Found in calcareous sponges and glass sponges]

A

Spicules

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Q

gelatinous layer between the outer pinacoderm and the inner choanocyte layer

A

mesohyl

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Q

Three types of canal system

A

Asconoid, Syconoid, Leuconoid

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Q

What is the representative species of Asconoid

A

Leucosolenia sp. and Clathrina

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Q

What is the representative species of Syconoid

A

Sycon sp. and Euplectella sp.

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Q

What is the representative species of Leuconoid

A

Spongia officinalis and Grantia sp.

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Q

What canal system is this?

Primitive form
Single cylinder approx. 1 mm in diameter
Water flow created by choanoderm

A

Asconoid

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Q

What canal system is this?

Larger in size, reaching centimeters
Presence of interconnected canals

A

Syconoid

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Q

What canal system is this?

Large sizes reaching approx. 1 m in diameter
Complex interconnection of cavities.

A

Leuconoid

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Q

Three classes of sponges

A

Calcispongiae, Demospongiae, Hexactinellida

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Q

Common name: Bath sponge

A

Spongia officinalis

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Q

Common Name: Glass sponge or Venus flower basket

A

Euplectella sp.

Q

What class of sponge is this?

Canal system varies per species

A

Calcispongiae

Q

What class of sponge is this?

Spicules composed of CaCO3

A

Calcispongiae

Q

What class of sponge is this?

Leuconoid canal system

A

Demospongiae

Q

What class of sponge is this?

Endoskeleton composed of silica or spongin, never CaCO3

A

Demospongiae

Q

What class of sponge is this?

Marine, few freshwater

A

Demospongiae

Q

What class of sponge is this?

Syconoid canal system

A

Hexactinellida

Q

What class of sponge is this?

Silica spicules scaffolding

A

Hexactinellida

Q

What class of sponge is this?

Skeleton is reduced

A

Hexactinellida

Q

Under what class is the Grantia sp.

A

Calcispongiae

Q

Under what class is the Sycon sp.

A

Calcispongiae

Q

Under what class is the Spongia officinalis

A

Demospongiae

Q

Under what class is the Euplectella sp.

A

Hexactinellida

Q

If a sponge is cut into small fragments, or if the cells of a sponge are entirely dissociated and are allowed to fall into small groups, or aggregates, entire new sponges can develop from these fragments or aggregates of cells

A

somatic embryogenesis

Q

skeleton absent or of siliceous spicules WITHOUT an axial filament

A

Homoscleromorpha

Q

What class has calcium carbonate spicules

A

Calcispongiae

Q

What class has spicules NOT with 6 rays

A

Demospongiae

Q

What class has spicules with 6 rays

A

Hexactinellida

Q

what class has spongin network often present

A

Demospongiae

Q

What class has syncytial trabecular reticulum

A

Hexactinellida

Q

what classes have siliceous spicules organized around an axial filament

A

Demospongiae and Hexactinellida

Q

What class is this?

spicules made of Calcium carbonate

A

Calcispongiae

Q

What class is this?

spicules are straight (monoaxons) or have three or four rays

A

Calcispongiae

Q

What class is this?

Most are small with tubular or vase shapes

A

Calcispongiae

Q

What class is this?

Many are drab in color, but some are bright yellow, green, red, or lavender

A

Calcispongiae

Q

What class is this?

Spicules are siliceous but NOT six rayed and may be absent or bound together by spongin

A

Demospongiae

Q

What class is this?

Spicules are six-rayed made of silica bound together to form network

A

Hexactinellida

Q

What class is this?

Most are radially symmetrical

A

Hexactinellida

Q

What class is this?

With vase or funnel shaped bodies attached by stalks of root spicules onto the substrate

A

Hexactinellida

Q

What class is this?

Marine: highly varied in color and shape, with some growing to several meters in diameter.

A

Demospongiae

Q

are sponges monoecious or dioecious

A

monoecious

Q

when young sponges develop early while still attached to their parent sponge

A

vivaparous / internal fertilization

Q

Zygote is retained within the parent and provided with nourishment until it is released as a ciliated larva.

One sponge releases sperm which enter the pores of another sponge.

Choanocytes phagocytize (ingest) the sperm, transform into carrier cells, and transport sperm to the oocytes in the mesohyl to form zygote

A

vivaparous

Q

Both sperm and oocytes (egg cells) are released into water for external fertilization

A

oviparous

Q

The free swimming larva of most sponges is a solid-bodied –

A

Parenchymula

Q

A hollow […] (blastula) forms, with flagellated cells facing the inside

A

stomoblastula

Q

The blastula undergoes inversion, turning inside out so the flagellated cells face the outside.

The larva, called an […], has flagellated cells (micromeres) at the front and larger, non-flagellated cells (macromeres) at the back.

A

amphiblastula

Q

In amphiblastula, the micromeres are at the [1] while the macromeres are at the [2]

A

front (anterior)

back (posterior)

Q

What is the representative species of Calcispongiae

A

Grantia, Sycon, Leucosolenia

Q

What is the representative species of Demospongiae

A

Spongia officinalis (Bath Sponge)

Q

What is the representative species of Hexactinnelida

A

Euplectella sp. (Glass sponge or Venus flower basket)

Q

What class is mostly radially symmetrical?

A

Hexactinellida

Q

In class Calcispongiae, all are marine except some few freshwater such as –

A

Spongillidae

Q

a small asconoid sponge that grows in branching colonies, usually arising from a network of horizontal, stolonlike tubes

A

Leucosolenia sp.

Q

species in class calcispongiae that is small with intertwined tubes

A

Clathrina

Q

a solitary sponge that may live singly or form clusters by budding

A

Sycon sp.

Q

After reaching a certain size, may become detached from the parent and float away to form new sponges, or they may remain to form colonies

A

external buds

Q

made up of clusters of sponge cells, mainly archaeocytes, surrounded by a tough protective layer (helps survive harsh conditions)

A

gemmules

Q

it is a mechanism of survival of the harsh conditions of winter

A

gemmules

Q

Gemmules in marine sponges also seem to be an adaptation to pass the cold of winter; they are the only form in which — exists during the colder parts of the year in the northern part of its range

A

Haliclona loosanoffi