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Sarah - Farm Animal > Porcine > Flashcards

Porcine Flashcards

1
Q

What causes exudative epidermitis (greasy pig disease)?

A

Staphylococcus hyicus subspecies hyicus or rarely S. chromogenes - exfoliatin toxin-producing strains

S. sciuri and S. aureus (incl. MRSA) causal in some cases

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2
Q

At what age are pigs typically affected by exudative epidermitis?

A

Less than six weeks old

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3
Q

What is the average mortality rate of exudative epidermitis?

A

25% (range 5-90%)

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4
Q

In the acute form of exudative epidermitis, where does dark brown, greasy exudate first appear?

A

Periocularly

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5
Q

Name three differential diagnoses for exudative epidermitis?

A 
Parakeratosis
Strep pyoderma
Biotin or zinc deficiency
Viral infections (e.g. swine pox)
Sarcoptic mange 
Dermatophytosis 
Pityriasis rosea (pustular psoriaform dermatitis)
Dermatosis vegetans of Landrace pigs
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6
Q

Are exudative epidermitis and staph folliculitis pruritic?

A

No, not usually

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7
Q

What are the differentials for staph folliculitis?

A

Spirochetosis and necrobacilosis

Strep infections

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8
Q

What are the clinical signs of spirochetosis?

A

Erythema and oedema followed by necrosis and ulceration with granulomatous nodules (often with central necrosis) and a grey-brown glutinous pus

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9
Q 
Is Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae a:
gram positive rod
gram negative rod
gram positive cocci
gram negative cocci
A

Gram positive pleomorphic rod

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10
Q

What skin lesions do you see with Erysipelas?
Acute
Subacute
Chronic

A

Acute form: bluish to purple discolouration with pink to red macules and papules (can cause septicaemia/sudden death)

Subacute form: erythematous papules and wheals that form square, rectangular or rhomboid plaques (‘diamonds’) with a purple necrotic centre

Chronic form: necrosis and sloughing of plaques with subsequent ulcers (and arthritis and endocarditis)

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11
Q

Is Erysipelas zoonotic?

A

Yes

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12
Q

What do you see on histopathology with Erysipelas?

A

Neutrophilic vasculitis, suppurative hidradenitis and necrotising dermatitis

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13
Q

What are the clinical signs of Actinomyces suis infection?

A

Firm nodules or tumours with draining yellowish pus with ‘sulphur’ granules

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14
Q

Septicaemic slough is associated with which bacteria?

A

Salmonella choleraesuis

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15
Q

How common is Dermatophilosis in pigs?

A

Very rare

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16
Q

Oedematous pinnae, cutaneous cyanosis and meningitis are signs of which infection?

A

Haemophilus parasuis

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17
Q

Which dermatophyte most commonly affects pigs?

A

M. nanum

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18
Q

Do pigs get the hyperkeratotic form of sarcoptic mange as well as the hypersensitive form?

A

Yes - debilitated older animals get the hyperkeratotic form

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19
Q

How long after treatment do sarcoptes antibody titres remain elevated?

A

9-12 months

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20
Q

Which sucking louse affects pigs?

A

Haematopinus suis

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21
Q

Which Demodex mite affects pigs and what lesions are seen with mange?

A

Demodex phylliodes

Skin coloured to erythematous papules that are not painful nor pruritic with thick, white material within them

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22
Q

Which fleas affect pigs?

A

Pulex irritans
Echidnophaga gallinacea (sticktight flea)
C. felis

23
Q

Which vectors can spread suipoxvirus?

A

Haematopinus suis, flies and mosquitoes

24
Q

Which disease shows clinical signs associated with an immune complex leukocytoclastic and necrotising vasculitis and systemic coagulopathy?

A

Dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome

25
Q

What are the differentials for foot and mouth disease in pigs?

A 
Swine vesicular disease
Vesicular exanthema
Vesicular stomatitis
UV light-induced vesiculobullous disease due to eating parsnips or celery infected with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum fungus
Parvovirus vesicular disease
Chemical burns
26
Q

Bullous pemphigoid has been reported in which breed of pigs and antibodies target which antigen?

A

Yucatan minipigs

Collagen XVII in the BMZ

27
Q

Dermatosis vegetans in Landrace pigs causes which clinical signs?
Cutaneous
Systemic

A

Cutaneous: symmetrical erythematous maculopapular dermatitis that develops into brown-black papillomatous crusted plaques, coronary band erythema and oedema an hoof ridges/dysplasia
Systemic: Giant cell pneumonia, stunted growth

28
Q

At what age is juvenile pustular psoriasifom dermatitis seen?

A

3-14 weeks

29
Q

On histopathology of juvenile pustular psoriasifom dermatitis, is the hyperkeratosis ortho- or para-keratotic and which inflammatory cells are present in pustules and in a perivascular to interstitial pattern?

A

Parakeratotic

Neutrophils and eosinophils

30
Q

Which breeds are reportedly predisposed to melanocytic tumours?

A 
Duroc
Sinclair miniature
Hormel
Hampshire
Iberian
31
Q

What percentage of melanocytic neoplasms in predisposed breeds have spontaneously resolved by one year of age?

A

Up to 95%

32
Q

What do you see on histopathology of skin lesions in porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome?

A

Histologically, the skin lesions showed haemorrhagic dermatitis associated with necrotizing vasculitis in the superficial dermis and fibrinoid necrosis of arterioles in the deeper dermal layers and sometimes the subcutis

33
Q

Name diseases associated with cutaneous vasculitis in pigs

A
  1. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
  2. Pestivirus (Classical swine fever)
  3. Porcine Circovirus-2-3-4 (Porcine Dermatitis and Nephropathy Syndrome)
  4. Actinobacillus suis (in case of septicaemia it can lead to erysipelas like skin lesions)
  5. Salmomella cholerasuis (in case of septicaemia can cause blue-purple discoloration due to endotoxin induced venous thrombosis)
  6. Pasteurella multocida
  7. Hemolytic E.coli (Edema disease, can cause fibrinoid necrosis)
  8. Shiga toxin 2e (damages endothelium of vessels)
34
Q

What are the histopathological findings of exudative epidermitis?

A
  • Subcorneal cleft formation at the level of the stratum granulosum with formation of vesicles and pustules that evolve into crusts
  • The degree of acantholysis varies from mild to moderate in severity.
  • Gram-positive cocci are usually visible in the pustules and crusts using special stains.
  • Superficial neutrophilic folliculitis may be a feature in some animals.
35
Q

Name the exfoliatin toxins produced by exudative epidermitis-causing strains of Staphyloccus hyicus

A 
ExhA
ExhB
ExhC
ExhD
SHETA 
SHETB
36
Q

In the study by Joshi et al. (2021), which cytokines were found to be significantly elevated in pigs with sarcoptic mange compared to healthy controls?

A

IL-1

TNF-alpha

37
Q

What was the immune response in pigs with crusted/Norwegian scabies?

A

In early infestation, genes relating to inflammation, immune recognition and cell migration were potently suppressed in pigs with crusted scabies. In later infestation, the large numbers of mites triggered a strong inflammatory response (Th2 and Th17) leading to severe skin pathology.

38
Q

Which isoxazoline has been used to treat sarcoptic mange in pigs?

A

Afoxolaner at 2.5 mg/kg

39
Q

What causes sarctopic mange in pigs?

A

Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis

40
Q

The Exh toxins in greasy pig disease have been shown to digest __________ in the epidermis of porcine skin

A

Desmoglein-1

41
Q

What are the clinical signs of greasy pig disease (EE)

A
  1. Reddish then coppery coloured skin
  2. Thin scales in the intertrigenous areas of the axillae and groin;
  3. Lesions can progress to cover the whole body with a greasy brown exudate
  4. Ulcers may be observed in the mouth, and there may be erosions of the coronary band and heel areas
42
Q

Which other disease can be associated with S. hyicus infection in piglets in the absence of skin lesions?

A

Septic arthritis

43
Q

What are the histopathological findings in greasy pig disease (EE)?

A

An intraepidermal subcorneal vesicular and pustular dermatitis, together with neutrophils, bacteria and acantholytic keratinocytes.

The other histopathological changes frequently include acanthosis, crusting, exfoliation and exocytosis.

44
Q

How do you treat greasy pig disease (EE)?

A

Piglets with skin lesions can be treated topically and systemically.

Address farm hygiene and management of the piglet accommodation.

45
Q

How are the piglets exposed to S. hyicus?

A

During parturition (vagina is site of S. hyicus carriage)

46
Q

Which is the most commonly reported strain of MRSA isolated from farm animals (cows, pigs, chickens)? Why is it of concern both for humans and animals?

A

ST398

Increasing prevalence of this strain as a community-acquired MRSA - would suggest that it is relatively nonspecific with respect to host colonization and that it can spread easily

47
Q

Name a virulence factor of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

A
  1. Neuraminidase - plays a significant role in bacterial attachment and subsequent invasion into host cells
  2. A heat labile capsule - resistance to phagocytosis
48
Q

How do you treat Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?

A

Penicillin

49
Q

Which wildlife can spread Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?

A

Wild birds and rodents

50
Q

Is there a vaccine for Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?

A

Yes

51
Q

What are the clinical signs of suipoxvirus infection?

A
  • Erythematous macules that become papular, vesicular, and pustular
  • Pustules become umbilicated (depressed center) and have a peripheral red, raised border (these lesions are the classic “pocks”)
  • Lesion distribution represents vector feeding sites
52
Q

Is swinepox (suipoxvirus) zoonotic?

A

No

53
Q

What are the clinical signs of dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome?

A
  • Erythematous to reddish‐purple macules and papules evolve into patches/plaques.
  • Larger papules and plaques often develop a central black area of necrosis and become covered with crusts
54
Q

Porcine circovirus type ___, an emerging porcine circovirus, is considered the cause of porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS)-like clinical signs

A

3 (PCV3)

Sarah - Farm Animal (5 decks)

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