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Large animal nursing > Porcine > Flashcards

Porcine Flashcards

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1
Q

Porcine industry

A

Industry
Farrow to finish
Traditional, most common
Feed conversion 3:1
3 lbs feed = 1 lbs gain
Gilts/sows bred, farrow, weaned, fed to market weight, transported, slaughter

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2
Q

How can pigs be used

A

Research
Backyard
Pets
Service animals
Industry

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3
Q

Pigs are social hierarchal animals

A

Small groups
Housed by age, weight, production stage, gender, temperament
Introducing new animals should be limited
Groups follow all-in-all-out practices

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4
Q

Agression in pigs

A

Aggression common
Limited feed structures
Increased bulk of feed, straw forage
Gestation stalls first 4 weeks
Reduce embryo loss from fighting

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5
Q

How often will pigs lay down

A

Happy pigs will lay/rest for 75-80% of the day

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6
Q

When do pigs get uncomfortable

A

Stress/discomfort
Restlessness
Tail biting
Indiscriminate elimination
Reduced weight gain
Overcrowding
Uncomfortable temp
Ammonia/Noxious gasses
Competition for resources

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7
Q

Environment to keep pigs in

A

Loss tolerant of temp fluctuations than other livestock species
Do not have coat or sweat glands
15-30*C for individual animals
Colder for mature sows, warmer for neonates
Influenced by bedding, group size, feed availability, body condition, humidity, drafts, etc.
Pilling, panting, hair growth, flushed, lying away from pen mates, etc.
Can tolerate cold temp better then hot temp

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8
Q

Nutrition for pigs

A

Designated by a nutritionist
Bulky feed to aid satiety, reduce aggression/boredom
straw/hay
Individual feeding best to avoid overeating, competition
Especially sows
Water is the most important nutrient!
Free choice, low mineral content
Check everyday that functioning
Lactating sows - 15L/day

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9
Q

Transportation of pigs

A

Weaned
28 hours without food, water or rest
Usually fasted 4 hours before transport, so usually 24 hours of transport
8 hours offloaded
Bedding, ventilation, avoid humid/hot weather, avoid prolonged stops
Fit for transport

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10
Q

How are pigs selected when it comes to reproduction

A

Highly fertile, rapidly growing
Selected for leanness, heavy muscled, soundness, frame size, reproduction

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11
Q

Boars begin to service at what age and what are there secondary sex characteristics

A

Begin to service at approximately 8-10 months
Selected for high fertility, large testicles, sound limbs
Secondary characteristics
Well muscled, tusks neck crest
Corkscrew shaped penis, sigmoid flexure

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12
Q

Sows become mature at

A

Gilts mature at 6-8 months of age
Influenced by body condition, exposure to boar
Non-seaonal

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13
Q

Estrous cycle lasts how long in sows

A

Estrous cycle approx. 21 days

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14
Q

Estrus cycle lasts how long in pigs

A

1-3 days

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15
Q

Signs of estrus in pigs

A

Swollen, red vulva, discharge
Vocalization (“barking”)
Mounting other sows
Restless
Perked ears
“Locked up” with pressure on back (standing heat)

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16
Q

What type of breeders are pigs

A

Long duration breeders
Up tp 30 mins
After courtship, boar mounts sow, obtains erection just prior to intromission, inserts penis into vagina then cervix (also corkscrew shaped), ejaculates into cervix

17
Q

Natural vs AI insemination in pigs

A

Natural breeding
Boar introduced to sows in heat
Artificial insemination
Collect semen in artificial vagina, cooled, administered to females in standing heat

18
Q

Average gestation of pig

A

Average gestation 114 days ( 3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days)
2-3 litters in a year

19
Q

Type of pig placenta and are they born immunocompromised

A

Epitheliochorial placentation
Partially immunocompetent at birth
Still need colostrum for best litter survival
Gut begins to close after 1 hour (complete closure 6-12 hours)
High litter desirable

20
Q

Stage 1 parturition of pig

A

(12-24 hours)
Early labour
Weak uterine contractions, relaxation of cervix

21
Q

Stage 2 parturition of pig

A

(1-5 hours)
Rupturing of membranes to delivery of piglets
1-15 mins between piglets

22
Q

Stage 3 parturition in pigs

A

(1-3 hours)
Usually all placentas delivered after birth of piglets

23
Q

Is dystocia common in pigs and what causes it

A

Dystocia relatively common
<1%
>1 hour between piglets
Causes
Maternal fetal disproportion most common
Malpresentation
Uterine inertia
Constipation
Prolonged destination
Obesity

24
Q

Identification for pigs

A

PigTrace
Individual and herd ID
Farm-to-Farm within Canada
DO NOT need individual ID
EXCEPT sows and boars
MUST have manifest
Slaughter
Herd mark shoulder slap tattoo
OR herd ear tag
Fair/Show
Individual ear tag

25
Q

How to handle pigs safely

A

Ear protection
Positive human contact, low stress handling
Increased weight gain, increased reproduction
Learn quickly, will not forget a negative interaction
Chase boards, patience, soft voices
Especially with boars, respond much more favourable to non-intimidating handlers
Positive reinforcement
Scratching, treats
NEVER grab by ears or tail
Boars
Sow with piglets
Calm quiet, gentle handling
Always have an escape route for both handler and pig
“Fight” rather than flight if feel cornered
NEVER confront a threatened pig
The pig WILL win!

26
Q

How to restrain a pig

A

Snout snare
Be sure to snare both snout and maxilla
Stressful- efficiency to reduce stress
Slings
Smaller pigs, piglets
V-trough
Piglets
Double rail stanchion
Partially suspended by sternum

27
Q

Castration of pigs

A

Prevent “boar taint” fighting
Least stressful when preformed <2 weeks of age
Analgesics and local anaesthetics necessary if > 2 weeks

28
Q

Teeth clipping/ grinding and tail docking on pigs

A

Prevent udder injury, injuries from future fighting
<24 hours old
Preform only if history of problems in the herd (usually more indicative of lack of environment enrichment)T

29
Q

Tusk trimming and detusking of pigs

A

Boars
Prevent injury to handlers and other boars
Surgical procedure, preformed by vet
<6 months old

30
Q

What is hoof trimming preformed on for pigs

A

Breeding stock

31
Q

Health and disease control methods

A

BIOSECURITY
Controlled access
Shower-in/shower-out
Minimum period of no contact with other swine/facilities
HEPA filters
Disinfect vehicles coming on sight
New stock only from higher biosecurity facilities
Quarantine new and sick animals
All-in-all-out
Pen, room, barn
Vaccination protocol
Herd specific, designed by veterinarian

32
Q

Withdrawal times for medications in pigs

A

MUST follow label withdrawal times
Extra label use only by vet
NEVER use certain drugs
Aminoglycosides
Phenylbutazone
Enrofloxacin
Medicated water/feed for herd disease outbreaks

33
Q

Zoonoses in pigs

A

Uncommon in high biosecurity facilities
Diarrhea
Cambylobacterosis, salmonellosis,trichinellosis, cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis, E.coli
Abortion
Leptospirosis, listeriosis, toxoplasmosis
Respiratory
Influenza
Cystericerocosis
Tapeworm, cysts form in muscle, lungs, eyes, brain
Consuming undercooked pork

34
Q

Humane euthanasia of pigs

A

Slaughter
Stunned prior to exsanguination
Proper restraint

Large animal nursing (6 decks)

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