Population Studies Flashcards
1
Q
population
A
the collection of people in a defined geographical area
2
Q
population growth rate
A
the rate of population change in a specified time period, reported as a percent of the initial population
3
Q
overpopulation
A
point where there are more people than can be sustained
4
Q
carrying capacity
A
total possible population that can be supported with relevant resources and without significant negative effects in a given area
5
Q
population projections
A
estimates of future populations made from mathematical extrapolations of previous data, usually based on birth/death/migration rates, do not consider unpredicted effects on population
6
Q
crude birth rate (CBR)
A
the annual number of births per 1000 people in a population (10-20=low 40-50=high)
7
Q
crude death rate (CDR)
A
the annual number of deaths per 1000 persons in a population (less than 10=low above 20=high)
8
Q
rate of population change
A
the difference between the crude birth rate and crude death rate
9
Q
age-specific birth rates/age-specific death rates
A
annual number of births/deaths per 1000 persons in an age group
10
Q
fertility
A
ability of a woman to reproduce
11
Q
fecundity
A
potential reproductive capacity of a woman
12
Q
general fertility rate
A
the annual number of births per 1000 women in a population
13
Q
total fertility rate
A
predicts the total number of births per single woman in a population with the assumption that the woman experiences the current recorded age-specific fertility rates and reaches the end of her reproductive life
14
Q
replacement fertility rate
A
the fertility rate at which the population will remain balanced
15
Q
sub-replacement fertility
A
indicates that the birth rate is less than the death rate, thus the population size will not be sustained
16
Q
population-lag effect
A
changes in total fertility rates are often not reflected in the birth rate for several generations, result of population momentum
17
Q
population momentum
A
the children produced during periods of higher fertility rates reproduce; there are more women of reproductive age and thus more births overall, regardless of the number of births per women
18
Q
mortality
A
the death rate in a population, includes both general and specific measures
19
Q
morbidity
A
the nature and extent of disease in a population
20
Q
prevalence rate
A
measures the number of individuals experiencing a disease
21
Q
incidence rate
A
measures the number of new cases of a disease
22
Q
case fatality rate
A
measures deaths as the result of a set diagnosis or procedures, sometimes specific to the beginning or late stages
23
Q
infant mortality rate
A
the annual number of deaths per 1000 infants under one year of age
24
Q
life expectancy
A
the number of years that an individual at a given age can expect to life at present mortality rates
25
migration
the geographical movement of individuals, families, or other small or large groups of people, implies the intention of permanent relocation
26
nomadism
traditional method of continuous travel in search of natural resources as a method of sustenance (no intention to settle)
27
external migration
cross-border or international migration, involves migration to another nation
28
internal migration
involves migration to another region of the same nation
29
voluntary migration
the result of internal factors (a personal decision)
30
involuntary migration
forced migration that is the result of external factors that pose a threat to the individual in their initial environments and are often a form of social control
31
settlers
those who migrate to an unsettled area
32
refugees
those who migrate to settled areas as a result of displacement
33
colonization
involves migration to settled areas in which dominance is exerted over the foreign state
34
immigration
involves entering a new area and these people are often called immigrants
35
emigration
involves leaving an old area, these people are called emigrants
36
reverse migration
return migration, the return of individuals to their former homes
37
push factors
those unattractive about an area that push people to leave, component considered in migration
38
pull factors
things that are attractive about an area, component considered in migration
39
social geography is interested in:
the spatial distribution of individuals and social groups
40
urbanization
the growth of urban areas as the result of global change
41
industrialization
the process through which societies transform from agrarian to industrial in nature
42
rural flight
(rural exodus), studies the migration from rural areas to urban areas
43
suburbanization
refers to population growth on the fringes of urban areas, as people move from urban areas to suburban areas
44
suburbs
residential satellite communities located in the peripheral regions of major urban centres that are often connected to the cities in some fashion
45
white flight
a historical example of suburbanization that involved the migration of whites from cities to more racially homogenous suburbs
46
urban sprawl
the migration of people from urban areas to otherwise remote areas
47
urban blight
occurs when less functioning areas of large cities degrade as a result of urban decline
48
gentrification
refers to the renovation of urban areas in a process of urban renewal
49
urban renewal
the redevelopment of urban areas (ex. gentrification)
50
demographic transition (DT)
the transition from overall higher to overall lower birth and death rates as a result of a country's development from a pre-industrial to industrial framework due to both economic and social changes (theory of population change)
51
Malthusianism
states that the possible rate of population increase exceeds the possible rate of resource increase, critique of utopian views, population growth limited by positive and preventative checks
52
positive check
raise the death rate
53
preventative check
lowers the birth rate
54
Malthusian Catastrophe
occurs when the means of sustenance are not enough to support the population, resulting in population reduction through actual or predicted famine
55
Neo-Malthusianism
a movement based on Malthusianism principles that advocate for population control in order to reduce the negative effects of population strain
56
demography
the study of human population dynamics, including the size, structure, and distribution of a population, and changes in the population over time due to birth, death, and migration
57
minorities
demographic groups that receive differential treatment through processes of prejudice and discrimination due to their shared characteristics
58
dominant group
those with the social power to assign labels
59
age cohorts
an example of statistical cohorts in which a group of subjects share the characteristic of age
60
cohort studies
longitudinal studies which conduct research for extended periods of time to better understand the different perspectives of those in the cohort and those in the general population
61
generations
aka generational cohorts, groups of people born in the same period that share specific and distinct experiences that become representative of the group
62
population aging
occurs when there is a disproportionate among of older people in a population
63
ageism
a prejudice or discrimination against a person based on age, often against older people
64
social aging
reflects the biological changes in a multidimensional process in which individuals experience complex emotional and social changes
65
rites of passages
rituals that reflect important life transitions and also include more personal changes
66
sex
biological characteristic that is assigned at birth and permanent in most cases, based on chromosomes, external genitalia, gonads, and hormones
67
gender
social characteristic (a social construction) that is learned and flexible, it is based on behavioural role expectations
68
gender roles
describe the social and behavioural expectations for men and women that are often internalized and become connected to our self-identities and thus influences our behaviours
69
gender expression
the external manifestation of gender roles
70
sexism
prejudice or discrimination against a person based on a flawed perception of the genders in which men are viewed as dominant and women are viewed as subordinate
71
transsexual individuals
gender identities that are inconsistent with their biological sex divisions
72
gender segregation
social structures that contribute to the separation of genders (although it is usually more accurately described as sex segregation)
73
race
description of a distinct social group based on certain shared characteristics, often inherited biological traits but can also be cultural, ethnic, and geographical in nature (social construct)
74
ethnicity
a description of a distinct social group based on certain shared characteristics which include common ancestral, cultural, geographical, historical, linguistic, and/or national experiences (social construct)
75
what are the five largest ethnic groups?
Han Chinese, Hindustani, Arabs, Bengalis, Russians
76
ethnogenesis
a social process that results in the creation of separate ethnicities (ex. development of tribes into independent ethnic groups)
77
racism
prejudices and actions that discriminate based on race, or hold that one race is inferior to another
78
racial formation perspective
a perspective of the social construction of race that views race as not genetic, but constructed through economic, political, and social forces that have the social control to create categories of race, and ascribe social meanings to these categories. views race as a complex and fluid social construct
79
racialization (ethnicization)
the social process in which the dominant group ascribes racial or ethnic identities, perceived or real, to groups that do not otherwise relate to the labels
80
heterosexism
prejudice or discrimination against a person based on their sexual orientation toward the same sex
81
heteronormative beliefs
consider heterosexual to be the preferred sexual orientation, and often enforce strict gender roles
82
immigration controls
formal policies that define and regulate who has the right to settle in an area
83
globalization
the process of increasing interdependence of societies and connections between people across the world
84
economic interdependence
a division of labour on a global scale
85
outsourcing
involves the contracting of third parties for specific operations
86
non-governmental organizations
organizations without an official government affiliation with the intention of contributing the to the lessening of global issues
87
civil unrest
(civil disorder) involve forms of collective behaviour in which there is public expression of the group's concern, often in response to major social problems
88
terrorism
use of indiscriminate violence with the intention to create fear in target communities
89
related deprivation
refers to the conscious experience of individuals or groups that do not have the resources needed for the social experiences and services that are seen as appropriate for their social position, can contribute to social deviance
90
social stratification
refers to the way that people are categorized in society, a system that defines the differences and also reinforces and perpetuates them
91
caste system
describes a closed stratification where people can do nothing to change the category they were born into
92
class system
considers both social variables and individual initiative, people can move between classes
93
meritocracy
a stratification system that uses merit (or personal effort) to establish social standing (idealized system)
94
socioeconomic status
can be defined in terms of power, property, and prestige (upper class, middle class, working class, lower class)
95
social mobility
refers to the ability to move up or down within the social stratification system
96
upward mobility
refers to an increase in social class
97
downward mobility
refers to a decrease in social class
98
intergenerational mobility
occurs when there is an increase or decrease in social class between parents and children within a family
99
intragenerational mobility
describes the differences in social class between different members of the same generation
100
class consciousness
an individual's active awareness of his/her membership in a social class
101
false consciousness
when one does not recognize the state of class relations under capitalism (ex. failure to realize meritocracy works against the proletariat)
102
social reproduction
refers to the structures and activities in place in a society that serve to transmit and reinforce social inequality from one generation to the next, occurs by cultural and social capital
103
cultural capital
refers to the non-financial social assets that promote social mobility
104
social capital
refers to the potential for social networks to allow for upward social mobility
105
privilege
a set of unearned benefits one receives because of some attribute largely outside of their control
106
intersectionality
analytical approach that seeks to highlight the ways different identities intersect within individuals and social groups to produce unique social positions (identities do not combine additively and should not be considered in isolation)
107
global stratification
compares the wealth, economic stability, and power of various countries, comparisons highlight worldwide patterns of global inequality
108
relative poverty
the inability to meet the average standard of living within a society
109
absolute poverty
inability to meet a bare minimum of basic necessities
110
social epidemiology
the study of the distribution of health and disease across a population, with the focus on using social concepts to explain patterns of health and illness in a population, attempts to explain health care disparities
