Population Studies Flashcards
population
the collection of people in a defined geographical area
population growth rate
the rate of population change in a specified time period, reported as a percent of the initial population
overpopulation
point where there are more people than can be sustained
carrying capacity
total possible population that can be supported with relevant resources and without significant negative effects in a given area
population projections
estimates of future populations made from mathematical extrapolations of previous data, usually based on birth/death/migration rates, do not consider unpredicted effects on population
crude birth rate (CBR)
the annual number of births per 1000 people in a population (10-20=low 40-50=high)
crude death rate (CDR)
the annual number of deaths per 1000 persons in a population (less than 10=low above 20=high)
rate of population change
the difference between the crude birth rate and crude death rate
age-specific birth rates/age-specific death rates
annual number of births/deaths per 1000 persons in an age group
fertility
ability of a woman to reproduce
fecundity
potential reproductive capacity of a woman
general fertility rate
the annual number of births per 1000 women in a population
total fertility rate
predicts the total number of births per single woman in a population with the assumption that the woman experiences the current recorded age-specific fertility rates and reaches the end of her reproductive life
replacement fertility rate
the fertility rate at which the population will remain balanced
sub-replacement fertility
indicates that the birth rate is less than the death rate, thus the population size will not be sustained
population-lag effect
changes in total fertility rates are often not reflected in the birth rate for several generations, result of population momentum
population momentum
the children produced during periods of higher fertility rates reproduce; there are more women of reproductive age and thus more births overall, regardless of the number of births per women
mortality
the death rate in a population, includes both general and specific measures
morbidity
the nature and extent of disease in a population
prevalence rate
measures the number of individuals experiencing a disease
incidence rate
measures the number of new cases of a disease
case fatality rate
measures deaths as the result of a set diagnosis or procedures, sometimes specific to the beginning or late stages
infant mortality rate
the annual number of deaths per 1000 infants under one year of age
life expectancy
the number of years that an individual at a given age can expect to life at present mortality rates
migration
the geographical movement of individuals, families, or other small or large groups of people, implies the intention of permanent relocation
nomadism
traditional method of continuous travel in search of natural resources as a method of sustenance (no intention to settle)
external migration
cross-border or international migration, involves migration to another nation
internal migration
involves migration to another region of the same nation
voluntary migration
the result of internal factors (a personal decision)
involuntary migration
forced migration that is the result of external factors that pose a threat to the individual in their initial environments and are often a form of social control
settlers
those who migrate to an unsettled area
refugees
those who migrate to settled areas as a result of displacement
colonization
involves migration to settled areas in which dominance is exerted over the foreign state
immigration
involves entering a new area and these people are often called immigrants
emigration
involves leaving an old area, these people are called emigrants
reverse migration
return migration, the return of individuals to their former homes
push factors
those unattractive about an area that push people to leave, component considered in migration
pull factors
things that are attractive about an area, component considered in migration
social geography is interested in:
the spatial distribution of individuals and social groups
urbanization
the growth of urban areas as the result of global change
industrialization
the process through which societies transform from agrarian to industrial in nature
rural flight
(rural exodus), studies the migration from rural areas to urban areas
suburbanization
refers to population growth on the fringes of urban areas, as people move from urban areas to suburban areas
suburbs
residential satellite communities located in the peripheral regions of major urban centres that are often connected to the cities in some fashion
white flight
a historical example of suburbanization that involved the migration of whites from cities to more racially homogenous suburbs
urban sprawl
the migration of people from urban areas to otherwise remote areas
urban blight
occurs when less functioning areas of large cities degrade as a result of urban decline
gentrification
refers to the renovation of urban areas in a process of urban renewal
urban renewal
the redevelopment of urban areas (ex. gentrification)
demographic transition (DT)
the transition from overall higher to overall lower birth and death rates as a result of a country’s development from a pre-industrial to industrial framework due to both economic and social changes (theory of population change)
Malthusianism
states that the possible rate of population increase exceeds the possible rate of resource increase, critique of utopian views, population growth limited by positive and preventative checks
positive check
raise the death rate
preventative check
lowers the birth rate
Malthusian Catastrophe
occurs when the means of sustenance are not enough to support the population, resulting in population reduction through actual or predicted famine
Neo-Malthusianism
a movement based on Malthusianism principles that advocate for population control in order to reduce the negative effects of population strain
demography
the study of human population dynamics, including the size, structure, and distribution of a population, and changes in the population over time due to birth, death, and migration
minorities
demographic groups that receive differential treatment through processes of prejudice and discrimination due to their shared characteristics
dominant group
those with the social power to assign labels
age cohorts
an example of statistical cohorts in which a group of subjects share the characteristic of age
cohort studies
longitudinal studies which conduct research for extended periods of time to better understand the different perspectives of those in the cohort and those in the general population
generations
aka generational cohorts, groups of people born in the same period that share specific and distinct experiences that become representative of the group
population aging
occurs when there is a disproportionate among of older people in a population
ageism
a prejudice or discrimination against a person based on age, often against older people
social aging
reflects the biological changes in a multidimensional process in which individuals experience complex emotional and social changes
rites of passages
rituals that reflect important life transitions and also include more personal changes
sex
biological characteristic that is assigned at birth and permanent in most cases, based on chromosomes, external genitalia, gonads, and hormones
gender
social characteristic (a social construction) that is learned and flexible, it is based on behavioural role expectations
gender roles
describe the social and behavioural expectations for men and women that are often internalized and become connected to our self-identities and thus influences our behaviours
gender expression
the external manifestation of gender roles
sexism
prejudice or discrimination against a person based on a flawed perception of the genders in which men are viewed as dominant and women are viewed as subordinate
transsexual individuals
gender identities that are inconsistent with their biological sex divisions
gender segregation
social structures that contribute to the separation of genders (although it is usually more accurately described as sex segregation)
race
description of a distinct social group based on certain shared characteristics, often inherited biological traits but can also be cultural, ethnic, and geographical in nature (social construct)
ethnicity
a description of a distinct social group based on certain shared characteristics which include common ancestral, cultural, geographical, historical, linguistic, and/or national experiences (social construct)
what are the five largest ethnic groups?
Han Chinese, Hindustani, Arabs, Bengalis, Russians
ethnogenesis
a social process that results in the creation of separate ethnicities (ex. development of tribes into independent ethnic groups)
racism
prejudices and actions that discriminate based on race, or hold that one race is inferior to another
racial formation perspective
a perspective of the social construction of race that views race as not genetic, but constructed through economic, political, and social forces that have the social control to create categories of race, and ascribe social meanings to these categories. views race as a complex and fluid social construct
racialization (ethnicization)
the social process in which the dominant group ascribes racial or ethnic identities, perceived or real, to groups that do not otherwise relate to the labels
heterosexism
prejudice or discrimination against a person based on their sexual orientation toward the same sex
heteronormative beliefs
consider heterosexual to be the preferred sexual orientation, and often enforce strict gender roles
immigration controls
formal policies that define and regulate who has the right to settle in an area
globalization
the process of increasing interdependence of societies and connections between people across the world
economic interdependence
a division of labour on a global scale
outsourcing
involves the contracting of third parties for specific operations
non-governmental organizations
organizations without an official government affiliation with the intention of contributing the to the lessening of global issues
civil unrest
(civil disorder) involve forms of collective behaviour in which there is public expression of the group’s concern, often in response to major social problems
terrorism
use of indiscriminate violence with the intention to create fear in target communities
related deprivation
refers to the conscious experience of individuals or groups that do not have the resources needed for the social experiences and services that are seen as appropriate for their social position, can contribute to social deviance
social stratification
refers to the way that people are categorized in society, a system that defines the differences and also reinforces and perpetuates them
caste system
describes a closed stratification where people can do nothing to change the category they were born into
class system
considers both social variables and individual initiative, people can move between classes
meritocracy
a stratification system that uses merit (or personal effort) to establish social standing (idealized system)
socioeconomic status
can be defined in terms of power, property, and prestige (upper class, middle class, working class, lower class)
social mobility
refers to the ability to move up or down within the social stratification system
upward mobility
refers to an increase in social class
downward mobility
refers to a decrease in social class
intergenerational mobility
occurs when there is an increase or decrease in social class between parents and children within a family
intragenerational mobility
describes the differences in social class between different members of the same generation
class consciousness
an individual’s active awareness of his/her membership in a social class
false consciousness
when one does not recognize the state of class relations under capitalism (ex. failure to realize meritocracy works against the proletariat)
social reproduction
refers to the structures and activities in place in a society that serve to transmit and reinforce social inequality from one generation to the next, occurs by cultural and social capital
cultural capital
refers to the non-financial social assets that promote social mobility
social capital
refers to the potential for social networks to allow for upward social mobility
privilege
a set of unearned benefits one receives because of some attribute largely outside of their control
intersectionality
analytical approach that seeks to highlight the ways different identities intersect within individuals and social groups to produce unique social positions (identities do not combine additively and should not be considered in isolation)
global stratification
compares the wealth, economic stability, and power of various countries, comparisons highlight worldwide patterns of global inequality
relative poverty
the inability to meet the average standard of living within a society
absolute poverty
inability to meet a bare minimum of basic necessities
social epidemiology
the study of the distribution of health and disease across a population, with the focus on using social concepts to explain patterns of health and illness in a population, attempts to explain health care disparities
