Interacting with the Environment Part II

Question 1

what are the three components of emotion?

Answer 1

a physiological (body) component, a behavioural (action) component, and a cognitive (mind) component

Question 2

physiological arousal

Answer 2

the physical aspect of emotion

Question 3

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Answer 3

a U-shaped correlation of performance and emotional arousal

Question 4

what are the adaptive roles of emotion?

Answer 4

able to moderate performance, enhances survival by serving as a useful guide for quick decisions, influence behaviours within a social context, nonverbal communication, empathy, cooperative interactions

Question 5

James-Lange Theory

Answer 5

one of the three predominant theories about memory:

stimulus, physiological response, emotion

Question 6

Cannon-Bard Theory

Answer 6

stimulus, simultaneous and independent physiological response and experience of emotion

Question 7

Schachter-Singer Theory

Answer 7

stimulus, physiological response, cognitive interpretation based on our circumstances, identification of emotion

Question 8

what structures in the central nervous system is commonly associated with emotion?

Answer 8

limbic system (amygdala-identification and expression of fear and aggression) hypothalamus-physiological aspects of emotion
prefrontal cortex-controls approach and avoidance behaviours or the behavioural aspect of emotion and involved in executive functions
hippocampus-encodes memories with emotion

Question 9

what is most important for determining how a stimulus plays a role in how stress is experienced?

Answer 9

appraisal (how the stressful nature of an event is interpreted by the individual)

Question 10

what are the three different types of stressors?

Answer 10

1. catastrophes (unpredictable, large-scale events)
2. significant life changes
3. daily hassles

Question 11

learned helplessness

Answer 11

sense of exhaustion and lack of belief in one’s ability to manage situations, generally occurs as a result of stress accompanied by perception of lack of control

Question 12

what system responds to acute stress situations?

Answer 12

the sympathetic nervous system, releases epinephrine and norepinephrine from adrenal glands

Question 13

what system responds to long-term stress?

Answer 13

the cognitive system initiated by the hypothalamus to release CRH, stimulates pituitary to release ACTH which signals adrenal glands to release cortisol

Question 14

biofeedback

Answer 14

a means of recording and feeding back information about subtle autonomic responses in an attempt to train the individual to control those involuntary responses

Question 15

what are some of the schools of thought regarding what language is?

Answer 15

behaviourists (empiricists)-language is an example of conditioned behaviour
nativists (rationalist)-certain ideas/capabilities cannot come from experience and so must be innate
materialist-language and cognition are associated with physical changes in the brain and actions of the body

Question 16

language acquisition

Answer 16

refers to the way infants learn to understand and speak their native language

Question 17

B.F. Skinner’s behaviourist model of language acquisition

Answer 17

infants are trained in language by operant conditioning. positive reinforcement allows infant to make the sound in association with the stimulus and encourage imitative behaviour

Question 18

Noam Chomsky’s model of language acquisition by “universal grammar”

Answer 18

suggests an innate feature unique to the human mind that allows people to gain mastery of language by making grammatical distinctions from limited exposure during the sensitive developmental years in early childhood

Question 19

Broca’s area

Answer 19

located in the dominant hemisphere of the frontal lobe of the brain, involved in speech production

Question 20

Wernicke’s area

Answer 20

located in the posterior section of the temporal lobe in the dominant hemisphere, involved in the comprehension of speech and written language

Question 21

place theory

Answer 21

a theory of hearing which states that our perception of sound depends on where each component frequency produces vibrations along the basilar membrane

Question 22

reliability

Answer 22

another term for consistency

Question 23

valid

Answer 23

if the test measures what it is supposed to measure

Question 24

negative priming

Answer 24

an implicit memory effect in which prior exposure to a stimulus unfavourably influences the response to the same stimulus. describes the slow down in response speed and error-prone reaction when responding to a stimulus that was previously ignored

Question 25

general adaptation syndrom (GAS)

Answer 25

model of body’s stress response that consists of 3 stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion (developed by Hans Selye)

Question 26

chronic stress occurs when: (based on GAS)

Answer 26

you remain in the resistance stage (but prolonged stress prevents body from repairing and recovering) for too long and enter the exhaustion stage