Population + Migration Flashcards
What is Crude birth rate?
The number of births per thousand of the population every year
How do you calculate the crude birth rate?
Number of births x 1000
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Total population
What is the crude death rate?
The number of deaths per thousand of the population every year
How do you calculate crude death rate?
Number of deaths x 1000
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Total population
How does the ratio of young and old people change between an LEDC and MEDC
LEDC: Greater population of young people, fewer old people.
MEDC: Greater population of old people, fewer young people.
What is natural change?
The difference between crude birth and death rates.
If the birth rate is higher than death rate, there will be a natural increase in the population.
If the death rate is higher than birth rate, there will be a natural decrease in the population.
What is it called when people migrate into a country?
Immigration
What is it called when people migrate out of a country?
Emigration
What is the Demographic transition model?
A model to show the change over time in population.
What are the five stages of the demographic transition model?
Stage 1:
Both birth and death rates are high, population grows slowly and remains small.
Stage 2:
Death rate falls and population begins to increase. Natural increase starts small but gets greater over time.
Stage 3:
Birth rate falls and natural increase declines.
Stage 4:
Birth rate and death rate are equal and rate of natural increase is very low. Population stops growing or grows very slowly.
Stage 5:
Some demographers believe there is another stage where birth rate falls below death rate and population begins to decline.
List some reasons for falling death rates?
Clean drinking water - less disease
Better healthcare. E.g. more hospitals, better access to medicines and more knowledge on how diseases spread.
Better diet - people are healthier and less prone to disease
Better hygiene - decreasing risk of infection
List some reasons for falling birth rate.
Increased opportunities for women through education - delay starting a family in order to pursue a career.
People move into cities - people don’t need as many children to work on farms
Better education means more awareness on how families can be planned using birth control
Decreasing child mortality - less need to be born
Why is the demographic transition model useful?
Using the model means we can see what might be expected of a countries population so it can be used to inform a prediction.
Good starting point for studying populations with a simple pattern.
What are some criticisms of the demographic transition model?
Eurocentric (focused on European and North American countries) - population process in LEDCs might be different.
It doesn’t consider the impact of migration
It does not consider how governments can try to control the population of their countries through policies.
What do population pyramids show?
Male (left) and female (right) population segments.
Bars show amount of people within age brackets.
How do MEDC and LEDC population pyramids tend to differ.
MEDC- narrow base, sides bulge in the middle
LEDC- wide base, sharp point at the top
What is the youth-dependent group?
(0-14)
Portion of the population that is unlikely to be economically active. Many are still supported by their families.
What is the economically active group?
(15-64)
Part of the population that is most likely to contain the wage earners.
What is the aged-dependant group?
(65+)
The portion of the population which are likely to have stopped working and are perhaps starting to rely on pensions and other savings.
How do you calculate the dependency ratio?
Youth dependent + aged dependent
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Economically active population
What are some advantages to a largely aged dependent population?
Increase in those participating in voluntary work
Younger generations benefiting from the advice and experience of senior members of society
Have disposable income - grey pound
What are some challenges to a largely aged dependent population?
Loneliness - many end up living alone after their partner dies.
Residential care - government needs to spend more money on residential accommodation for elderly people.
What are some solutions to a largely aged dependent population?
Government may pursue policies to encourage younger people to have more children
Euthanasia may be legalised
Some governments encourage people to work beyond retirement age.
What are some advantages to a largely youth dependent population?
Labour supply - will grow into workers
What are some disadvantages to a largely youth dependent population?
Many young people made orphans by the death of their parents - orphanages need to be set up.
Severe lack of jobs for young people in LEDCs
What are some solutions to a largely youth dependent population?
One child policies
Abortion may be legalised
Greater education on family planning
What is the definition of migration?
The permanent or semi-permanent movement of people from one place of residence to another.
What is an Emigrant?
People who leave a country
What is an immigrant
People who enter a country
What is a push factor?
Something that encourages people to move away from an area.
What is a pull factor?
Something about an area that encourages people to move there.
What are some human Barriers to migration?
Documentation, e.g. passports, visas and working permits, required to allow migration.
Each country has a specific set of rules about who can enter.
Language
Financial costs of relocating
What are some physical barriers to migration?
Mountains.
Deserts.
Rivers.
Seas.
Man made Walls/barriers.
What are Asylum seekers?
Someone fleeing a country because of persecution.
Persecution could be on the basis of political views, race, religion/social group.
Once they enter a country they can apply to be recognised as a refugee.
Someone forced to move within their country without crossing a, international border is known as an internally displaced person.
What is a refugee?
Someone who is protected from being sent back to their home country because of a proven fear prosecution.
Refugees can legally seek employment.
What is a economic migrant?
A person moving to seek employment and earn money.
Some become established in a country and move family over.
Often take poorly paid, unpleasant, physically difficult jobs that are hard to fill.
Can face opposition and racism, often accused from taking jobs from locals.
Case study: what are the challenges faced by both refugees and the destination country?
Migrants to Greece, 2015-2016
In the first 8 months of 2016, 240,000 migrants mostly from Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan crossed from Turkey to Greece. Many were fleeing from conflict within their countries.
Migrants cannot move further into Europe as many countries have closed their borders. Many are stuck at Greece’s northern border or in crowded camps.
Migrants face unsanitary conditions, Crowded camps (e.g. Moria refugee camps on Lesbos) and inadequate food and healthcare.
Greece faces Anti immigrant sentiment rising (including racist attacks on migrants by supporters of Greece’s neo-Nazi Golden Dawn party), pressure on the tourist industry, huge costs involved in keeping large numbers of migrants and an already weak economy with high unemployment rates (50% for youths).
Those who gain refugee status can move into other countries that will accept them. Others will be sent back to Turkey.
Crime may increase due to poor conditions and the difficulties in finding Jobs.
