Population + Migration

Question 1

What is Crude birth rate?

Answer 1

The number of births per thousand of the population every year

Question 2

How do you calculate the crude birth rate?

Answer 2

Number of births x 1000
———————————-
Total population

Question 3

What is the crude death rate?

Answer 3

The number of deaths per thousand of the population every year

Question 4

How do you calculate crude death rate?

Answer 4

Number of deaths x 1000
————————————
Total population

Question 5

How does the ratio of young and old people change between an LEDC and MEDC

Answer 5

LEDC: Greater population of young people, fewer old people.
MEDC: Greater population of old people, fewer young people.

Question 6

What is natural change?

Answer 6

The difference between crude birth and death rates.
If the birth rate is higher than death rate, there will be a natural increase in the population.
If the death rate is higher than birth rate, there will be a natural decrease in the population.

Question 7

What is it called when people migrate into a country?

Answer 7

Immigration

Question 8

What is it called when people migrate out of a country?

Answer 8

Emigration

Question 9

What is the Demographic transition model?

Answer 9

A model to show the change over time in population.

Question 10

What are the five stages of the demographic transition model?

Answer 10

Stage 1:
Both birth and death rates are high, population grows slowly and remains small.

Stage 2:
Death rate falls and population begins to increase. Natural increase starts small but gets greater over time.

Stage 3:
Birth rate falls and natural increase declines.

Stage 4:
Birth rate and death rate are equal and rate of natural increase is very low. Population stops growing or grows very slowly.

Stage 5:
Some demographers believe there is another stage where birth rate falls below death rate and population begins to decline.

Question 11

List some reasons for falling death rates?

Answer 11

Clean drinking water - less disease

Better healthcare. E.g. more hospitals, better access to medicines and more knowledge on how diseases spread.

Better diet - people are healthier and less prone to disease

Better hygiene - decreasing risk of infection

Question 12

List some reasons for falling birth rate.

Answer 12

Increased opportunities for women through education - delay starting a family in order to pursue a career.

People move into cities - people don’t need as many children to work on farms

Better education means more awareness on how families can be planned using birth control

Decreasing child mortality - less need to be born

Question 13

Why is the demographic transition model useful?

Answer 13

Using the model means we can see what might be expected of a countries population so it can be used to inform a prediction.

Good starting point for studying populations with a simple pattern.

Question 14

What are some criticisms of the demographic transition model?

Answer 14

Eurocentric (focused on European and North American countries) - population process in LEDCs might be different.

It doesn’t consider the impact of migration

It does not consider how governments can try to control the population of their countries through policies.

Question 15

What do population pyramids show?

Answer 15

Male (left) and female (right) population segments.
Bars show amount of people within age brackets.

Question 16

How do MEDC and LEDC population pyramids tend to differ.

Answer 16

MEDC- narrow base, sides bulge in the middle
LEDC- wide base, sharp point at the top

Question 17

What is the youth-dependent group?

Answer 17

(0-14)
Portion of the population that is unlikely to be economically active. Many are still supported by their families.

Question 18

What is the economically active group?

Answer 18

(15-64)
Part of the population that is most likely to contain the wage earners.

Question 19

What is the aged-dependant group?

Answer 19

(65+)
The portion of the population which are likely to have stopped working and are perhaps starting to rely on pensions and other savings.

Question 20

How do you calculate the dependency ratio?

Answer 20

Youth dependent + aged dependent
—————————————————
Economically active population

Question 21

What are some advantages to a largely aged dependent population?

Answer 21

Increase in those participating in voluntary work

Younger generations benefiting from the advice and experience of senior members of society

Have disposable income - grey pound

Question 22

What are some challenges to a largely aged dependent population?

Answer 22

Loneliness - many end up living alone after their partner dies.

Residential care - government needs to spend more money on residential accommodation for elderly people.

Question 23

What are some solutions to a largely aged dependent population?

Answer 23

Government may pursue policies to encourage younger people to have more children

Euthanasia may be legalised

Some governments encourage people to work beyond retirement age.

Question 24

What are some advantages to a largely youth dependent population?

Answer 24

Labour supply - will grow into workers

Question 25

What are some disadvantages to a largely youth dependent population?

Answer 25

Many young people made orphans by the death of their parents - orphanages need to be set up.

Severe lack of jobs for young people in LEDCs

Question 26

What are some solutions to a largely youth dependent population?

Answer 26

One child policies

Abortion may be legalised

Greater education on family planning

Question 27

What is the definition of migration?

Answer 27

The permanent or semi-permanent movement of people from one place of residence to another.

Question 28

What is an Emigrant?

Answer 28

People who leave a country

Question 29

What is an immigrant

Answer 29

People who enter a country

Question 30

What is a push factor?

Answer 30

Something that encourages people to move away from an area.

Question 31

What is a pull factor?

Answer 31

Something about an area that encourages people to move there.

Question 32

What are some human Barriers to migration?

Answer 32

Documentation, e.g. passports, visas and working permits, required to allow migration.

Each country has a specific set of rules about who can enter.

Language

Financial costs of relocating

Question 33

What are some physical barriers to migration?

Answer 33

Mountains.
Deserts.
Rivers.
Seas.
Man made Walls/barriers.

Question 34

What are Asylum seekers?

Answer 34

Someone fleeing a country because of persecution.

Persecution could be on the basis of political views, race, religion/social group.

Once they enter a country they can apply to be recognised as a refugee.

Someone forced to move within their country without crossing a, international border is known as an internally displaced person.

Question 35

What is a refugee?

Answer 35

Someone who is protected from being sent back to their home country because of a proven fear prosecution.

Refugees can legally seek employment.

Question 36

What is a economic migrant?

Answer 36

A person moving to seek employment and earn money.

Some become established in a country and move family over.

Often take poorly paid, unpleasant, physically difficult jobs that are hard to fill.

Can face opposition and racism, often accused from taking jobs from locals.

Question 37

Case study: what are the challenges faced by both refugees and the destination country?

Answer 37

Migrants to Greece, 2015-2016

In the first 8 months of 2016, 240,000 migrants mostly from Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan crossed from Turkey to Greece. Many were fleeing from conflict within their countries.

Migrants cannot move further into Europe as many countries have closed their borders. Many are stuck at Greece’s northern border or in crowded camps.

Migrants face unsanitary conditions, Crowded camps (e.g. Moria refugee camps on Lesbos) and inadequate food and healthcare.

Greece faces Anti immigrant sentiment rising (including racist attacks on migrants by supporters of Greece’s neo-Nazi Golden Dawn party), pressure on the tourist industry, huge costs involved in keeping large numbers of migrants and an already weak economy with high unemployment rates (50% for youths).

Those who gain refugee status can move into other countries that will accept them. Others will be sent back to Turkey.

Crime may increase due to poor conditions and the difficulties in finding Jobs.