Development Flashcards
How is development Measured?
Indicators
What indicator determines how rich or poor a country is?
Gross national income (GNI) per person.
This is the total that a country earns every year in US$ divided by the population
What are the 3 major categories of indicators
Social indicators
Economic indicators
Composite indicators
Give an example of a social indicator
Average life expectancy
What are some problems with economic indicators?
Unrealistic, not everyone earns the same
Doesn’t take regional differences into account
Working out GNI pc is very complicated to do
What are some problems with social indicators?
Obtained through census, so it’s difficult to get info out of everyone, especially those in remote areas
Doesn’t give a true picture of development as political decisions can determine how much is spent on things like healthcare.
What is the human development index?
How does it work?
A composite indicator developed by the Nations development program (UNDP)
Expressed as a figure between 0 and 1. The closer the score is to 1 the more developed the country.
It is measured from life expectancy, adult literacy rate, and GNI per person
Give 3 other indicators.
Annual population growth
Urban population
Adult literacy
List some advantages and disadvantages to the HDI
Advantage:
Less emphasis on just 1 feature - more accuracy
Disadvantage:
More measures could be added - such as freedom of speech
List the factors that hinder development.
How do they?
Historical reasons:
E.g were they colonised, been in wars, etc
Environmental factors:
E.g prone to natural disasters, drought, land difficult to build/farm on, etc.
Dependence on primary activities:
E.g export mainly one type of raw resource that can vary in price like cotton or copper
Debt
E.g may have needed assistance in the past and it has become costly to pat it back
What is sustainable development?
‘Meeting the needs of the present, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.’
What are the sustainable development goals?
A new set of goals adopted by the United Nations in 2015 to help combat many of the issues facing the world today.
What is gaol 1?
End poverty of in all its forms everywhere
What is goal 8?
Sustainable economic growth and full and productive employment for all
What is goal 15?
Protect and promote sustainable use of land, including forests and biodiversity
What are some criticisms of the sustainable development goals?
The goals don’t go far enough. Lifting people above $1.25 is not an achievement as it isn’t adequate to keep someone alive.
Too many goals, described as ‘a mess’.
Some are not achievable.
What is appropriate technology?
Technology that considers the community it is intended for and their environment.
Typically use fewer resources, easier to repair, costs less to by and run, lower inpact on environment.
What is the Hippo Water Roller?
A cylindrical drum connected to a metal handle that can easily transport more water without the same labour and difficulty as carrying it in your head.
How does the hippo water roller benefits people in Africa?
Allows people to bring 5 times as much water to their families and food gardens, and allow them more time for education and employment.
What is fair trade?
Allows people in LEDCs ho make or grow a product to get paid fairly for their work. This prevents the majority of the profit’s going to MEDCs.
How does fair trade help LEDCs?
Encourages minimising the use of toxic pesticides.
Guarantees a minimum wage for the harvest of small produces, allowing them to provide for their families and stay out of poverty.
Improve access to services for farmers such as training.
How do MEDCs benefit from fair trade?
Consumers can keep their consciences clear.
If producers earn higher wages they will increase their spending power.
What are the criticisms of fair trade?
A small proportion of the extra money goes to the producer, with the best estimate being 50%
Some farmers cannot afford the fees to join fair trade, or be too remote for cooperative pay.
Some say it harms those farmers outside of the fair trade network.
What is Globalisation?
Counties all over the world being linked by trade, ideas and technology.
Many brands and industries have been globalised. These are known as Multinational Corporations,
What are the consequences of globalisation?
Decisions taken in one country can quickly affect other countries because of improvements in transportation and spread of global communications.
Counties are increasingly interdependent because of trade.
What is the case study for globalisation?
India
What happened to India’s economy since the 90s?
Opened up, trade barrier’s demolished and foreign investors welcomed. Growth rates of 78%.
How has globalisation helped India?
Life expectancy rose from 59 to 68
Adult literacy rate rose from 50% to 74%
Average living standards rising
What is brain gain?
Skilled citizens who left their home country for work coming back
Describe the levels of poverty still present in India.
58% of population earned less than $3.10 per day.
Almost half of children under 5 are malnourished.
Less than a third of homes in India have a toilet.
Less than half of India’s 500,000 villages are connected to the electricity network
How has globalisation hindered India?
Widens the gap between rich and poor, causing unrest from communist militants.
Westernisation- weakening* of India’s cultural values
