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Bio 30 > Population Dynamics And Hardy Weinberg > Flashcards

Population Dynamics And Hardy Weinberg Flashcards

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1
Q

Population

A

Refers to all members of a particular species living in the same area

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2
Q

Population Ecology

A

Refers to the study of factors affecting the size and distribution of individuals within a population

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3
Q

Population Density

A

Is a measure of the number of individuals living in a given area or volume

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4
Q

Density Equation

A

D=N/A where
D= density
N=the population
A= the area or volume measured

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5
Q

Low density

A

Individuals are well spaced apart, highly territorial, solitary mammal species

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6
Q

High density

A

Individuals are crowded together, there are many individuals close together, there is a division of labour and they depend on one another (ant colony)

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7
Q

Measuring density

A

Estimates are made, quadrants are set up in the larger area. The number of individuals in each quadrant are counted and the results are extrapolated to the larger area

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8
Q

Population Dispersion

A

Dispersion refers to the patterns of spacing between individuals in a species

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9
Q

Uniform Dispersion

A

Distribution may result from competition for resources. Individuals are evenly spaced out so that they have control over the resources in their immediate area. Animals are territorial and do not want to share resources, resources are relatively abundant.

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10
Q

Clumped dispersion

A

Caused by patches of resources in specific areas or by behavioural interactions between memembers of a species. Not territorial, resources are not abundant

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11
Q

Random Distribution

A

An unpredictable, patternless dispersion. Caused by the lack of a strong attraction or repulsion between members of a species, resources are abundant

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12
Q

Positive population growth

A

Caused by births and immigration

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13
Q

Negative population growth

A

Caused by deaths and emigration

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14
Q

Population growth formula

A

change in N= (#births+#immigrants)-(#deaths+emigrants)

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15
Q

Population Growth Rate

A

How fast a population is growing, can be positive or negative.
Gr= change in N/ change in t
N: change in population
t: change in time

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16
Q

Per Capita Growth

A

Cgr: change in N/N
Change in the population/the initial population
This measures the rate of growth in a population in comparison to the size of the population

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17
Q

Density Dependent Factors

A

These are factors that affect the growth of a population.
Ex: if there is a high density population there will be less food available and greater chance of disease
Tend to be biotic factors (living)

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18
Q

Density independent Factors

A

Factors affecting a population that are not related to the density of that population.
Ex: bad weather or natural disaster will affect both dense populations and populations that are not dense
Factors tend to be abiotic (not living)

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19
Q

Biotic potential (intrinsic growth)

A

Rate at which a population will naturally increase under ideal conditions.

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20
Q

Factors affecting biotic potential

A

Number of offspring per reproductive cycle, number of offspring that live to reproduce, age of sexual maturity, number of times they reproduce in their life, and the Average life span

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21
Q

Carry Capacity (K)

A

The maximum number of individuals that can be sustained in a particular environment. Reflection of the amount of available food, the existence of predators
Affected by both density dependent and density independent factors
Can change from year to year

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22
Q

Environmental resistance

A

Environmental factors that resist the growth of a population. Prevents a population from growing at its biotic potential and determines the carrying capacity of the ecosystem.
Consists of predators and disease

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23
Q

Exponential Growth

A

Exponential growth curve or J curve. G=rN (r=biotic potential) (N=the population)
population increases so does the rate of growth unstable
Population is regulated by density independent (abiotic) factors, involves periods of rapid increase followed by periods of rapid decline

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24
Q

Logistic Growth

A

More realistic model as a population cannot continue to increase at an exponential rate forever. S shaped curve, controlled by density dependent factors.
size of population increases rate of reproduction decreases
When the population reaches carrying capacity, population growth stops

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25
Q

Overshooting Capacity

A

Population may temporarily increase above carrying capacity, is usually followed by a crash (dramatic decrease in deaths)

26
Q

K population Strategy

A

Selected populations are found where environmental conditions are stable and are characterized by intense intraspecific competition.
(Slow development, few offspring, logistic growth)

27
Q

R population Strategy

A

Selected populations undergo many changes and are characterized by high birth rates and a short life span
Ex: insects
(Rapid development, large number of offspring, exponential growth)

28
Q

Age Pyramid Diagrams

A

Provides information about a population relating to: male vs females, age group composition of population, growing patterns (increasing, stable, decreasing), natality and mortality

29
Q

Intraspecific Competition

A

Competition among individuals of the same species for limited resources

30
Q

Interspecific Competition

A

Competition between two different species for the same resource

31
Q

Gauses principle

A

No two species can occupy the same ecological niche without one or the other being reduced in numbers or totally eliminated

32
Q

Competitive Exclusion Principle

A

Gauses studies indicate that when two species compete for the same resource one will use the resource more efficiently than the other and thus reproduce mode rapidly. This will eventually lead to the elimination of the inferior competitor

33
Q

Predator Prey Relationship

A

Tend to mirror each other
When prey population is large, will attract predators and it’s population will increase, prey population will decrease. When the prey population is small, there will be no food for the predator and it’s population will decrease

34
Q

Symbiosis

A

a close association between members of 2 different species

35
Q

Parasitism

A

One benefits, one is harmed

Tapeworm living in the gut of a mammal

36
Q

Mutualism

A

Both organisms benefit

Lichen and fungus and Algae

37
Q

Commensalism

A

One benefits, and one is not effected

Bird builds a nest in a tree

38
Q

Cryptic Coloration

A

Camouflage

39
Q

Aposematic Coloration

A

Conspicuous colours to warn other organisms in the wild that you are dangerous.
Ex: Diamondbacks

40
Q

Mimicry

A

Where one species mimics the characteristics of another species that is distasteful or dangerous

41
Q

Bayesian mimicry

A

Where a particular species comes to resemble another well protected species (1 dangerous and 1 not)

42
Q

Mullerian Mimicry

A

2 dangerous species come to resemble each other, both species benefit because if one of them is attacked a predator will learn to avoid both species because they look the same

43
Q

Protective Coloration

A

Colouring to render protection (2 types)

44
Q

Succession

A

Sequence of invasion and replacement of species in an ecosystem over time.
as succession progresses, variation in an ecosystem increases

45
Q

Primary succession

A

Occurs when there is no soil present, like what is left when a glacier recedes.
Ie: there was nothing living there before

46
Q

Secondary Succession

A

Occurs when there was previously life in an area before, but it was wiped out.
Ex: the regrowth of an area after a forest fire, the soil was not killed by the disturbance and still contains nutrients

47
Q

Pioneer Community

A

The first species to invade an area and begin succession

48
Q

Climax Community

A

The last species to invade an area and complete succession

49
Q

Gene pool

A

Refers to the collection of all alleles in the members of the population

50
Q

Population Genetics

A

Refers to the study of the genetics of a population and how the alleles vary with time

51
Q

Hardy Weinberg Principle

A

States that if 5 conditions are met, the allele frequencies within a population will not change over time (genetic structure of a population will remain the same)

52
Q

5 ways a populations genetics can change over time

A

Population is small
Non-random mating
Mutations occurring
Natural or Artificial selection is taking place
Migration (immigration or emigration) of individuals into or away from the population

53
Q

Small Population

A

If a population is not sufficiently large, allele frequencies can change due to chance. Referred to as genetic drift, which is much more likely in small populations

54
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

Genetic drift resulting from the reduction of a population, typically by a natural disaster. Can result in generation to generation changes in alleles as well as a loss in genetic diversity

55
Q

Founder Effect

A

A small part of a population is separated from the greater population and begins (founds) a new population. The new population is smaller, and the genetics might not be the same as the greater population

56
Q

Migration

A

Individuals who move between populations are introducing new alleles into the gene pools of the new population. This increases genetic diversity in the population but reduces genetic differences between populations

57
Q

Gene Flow

A

Genetic exchange due to the migration of fertile individuals or gametes between populations

58
Q

Mating is not random

A

There is no way to predict which make would mate with what female. In many animal populations mates are chosen on the basis of their phenotypes. After a while the gene pool will contain more alleles from the alpha male than any other animal

59
Q

Selection (artificial or natural) is occurring

A

Within every population there is variation, if one individual is better suited to the environment than another he is more likely to survive and reproduce. After a while the populations gene pool will have changed, a greater proportion of individuals who have the survival trait will be present. In selective breeding only animals with desirable traits are selected for breeding, others do not get bred and the gene pool with change.

60
Q

Mutations

A

Are random and unpredictable, when mutations happen they can introduce new alleles and therefore new traits into the gene pool. The frequencies of the old traits decreases with the appearance of a new trait.

61
Q

H-W Equations

A 
P=frequency of dominant allele (not individuals)
Q= frequency of recessive allele
(Not individuals) 
p+q=1 
P2=homozygous dominant 
Q2=homozygous recessive 
2pq=heterozygous

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