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Bio 30 > Chapter 7-8 > Flashcards

Chapter 7-8 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Embryonic Period

A

Development from during the first 8 weeks

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2
Q

Fetal period

A

Development from the start of the 9th week until birth

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3
Q

Fertilization

A

Involves the joining of male and female gametes (sperm and eggs) to form a single cell with 46 chromosomes

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4
Q

Zona pellucida

A

Plasma membrane of the egg surrounded by a thin clear layer of protein and carbohydrates

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5
Q

Corona Radiata

A

Several jelly like layers of follicle cells that adhere to one another

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6
Q

Zygote

A

Formed from fertilized egg (46 chromosomes)

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7
Q

Polyspermy

A

Fertilization of an egg by multiple sperm, is lethal as embryo inherits multiple paternal centrioles

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8
Q

Cleavage

A

Process of cell division without cell growth, this happens to the zygote

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9
Q

Morula

A

Zygote is a sphere of 16 cells, which reached the uterus 3-5 days after fertilization

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10
Q

Blastocyst

A

Embryo at the stage in which it is implanted in the wall of the uterus and consists of a nearly hollow ball of cells

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11
Q

Trophoblast

A

Nourishes the germ, develops into the chorion (means membrane)

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12
Q

Chorion

A

Will develop to form part of the placenta

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13
Q

Placenta

A

Structure that provides nutrients and oxygen to and removes waste from the developing offspring. Secretes estrogen and progesterone to maintain the endometrium. Rich in blood vessels, that attaches to the embryo and fetus to the uterine wall where metabolic change can take place

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14
Q

Innercell mass

A

Inner cells of the blastocyst, that will develop into the embryo

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15
Q

Implantation

A

The nestling of the blastocyst into the endometrium, complete by the 10-14 day

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16
Q

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

A

Maintains the corpus Luteum past the time when it would otherwise degenerate

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17
Q

Amniotic Cavity

A

Between the inner cell mass and trophoblast that fills with fluid baby will develop here

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18
Q

Amnion

A

Sac that supports the embryo

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19
Q

Embryonic disk

A

Supported by a short stalk that connects blastocyst with the endometrium

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20
Q

Gastrulation

A

The formation of the three primary germ layers in embryogenesis. The ectoderm, endoderm, and the mesoderm

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21
Q

Endoderm

A

Develops the liver, lining of the respiratory tract, intestinal tract, bladder and urethra. The gall bladder, the pancreas, thymus, thyroid, and parathyroid glands

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22
Q

Ectoderm

A

Develops the outer skin, nervous system, tooth enamel, eye lens, adrenal medulla, and pituitary gland

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23
Q

Mesoderm

A

Dermis of skin, muscle tissue and connective tissue, skeleton, internal reproductive organs. Heart, spleen, kidneys, and ureters

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24
Q

Gastrula

A

Developing embryo

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25
Q

Morphogenesis

A

Series of events that form distinct structures of the developing organism

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26
Q

Differentiation

A

Cellular process that enables a cell to develop a particular shape, and to perform specific functions that are different from the functions of other cells

27
Q

Notochord

A

Rod like structure that will form the basic framework of the skeleton

28
Q

Neurulation

A

Process of forming the neural tube which develops into the brain and spinal cord

29
Q

Extra-embryonic membranes

A

Any membrane external to the embryo, responsible for the protection, nutrition, respiration and excretion of the embryo and fetus

30
Q

Afterbirth

A

Expelled membranes and structure during childbirth

31
Q

Chorion

A

First membrane to form, is the outermost membrane that encloses all other membranes and the embryo. Forms from the trophoblast

32
Q

Amnion

A

Second membrane to form, filled with fluid that acts as a constant temperature incubator and protects the embryo from jarring

33
Q

Yolk sac

A

Source of nourishment for vertebrates (not for humans), contributed to the digestive tract and produces the first blood cells

34
Q

Allantois

A

Small pouch that forms from the intestinal tract that contributes to the formation of the umbilical cord

35
Q

Umbilical cord

A

Rod like structure that leads from the navel area of the fetus to the center of the placenta. Contains two arteries that transport oxygen depleted blood from the fetus to the placenta, and one vein to bring oxygen rich blood to the fetus

36
Q

First trimester

A

Weeks 1-12, growth in body length and cartilage of skeleton begins to harden

37
Q

Second trimester

A

Weeks 13-24

38
Q

Third trimester

A

Weeks 25-38

39
Q

Teratogen

A

Any agent that causes a structural abnormality due to exposure during pregnancy

40
Q

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

A

Described all the disorders related to alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Alcohol is the most damaging teratogen, affects the brain, nervous system and physical development

41
Q

Nutrients as a teratogen

A

If ingested in large amounts the baby becomes accustomed to large doses and after birth the supply drops, so the baby has a deficiency

42
Q

Parturition

A

Birthing process, commonly referred to as labour. Events begin with uterine contractions

43
Q

Onset of labour

A

Marked by uterine contractions occurring every 15-20 minutes and lasting 40 seconds or longer.

44
Q

Contractions

A

Induced by a stretching of the cervix and brings about the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary gland

45
Q

Caesarean Section

A

Incision in the mothers abdomen and uterus, the baby is delivered through the incision

46
Q

Dilation stage

A

Uterine contractions and oxytocin cause the cervix to open or dilate. Amniotic sac breaks releasing fluid from the vagkna

47
Q

Expulsion stage

A

Forceful contractions push the baby through the cervix to the birth canal

48
Q

Placental Stage

A

10-15 minutes after the baby is born, the placenta and umbilical cord are expelled from the uterus called after birth

49
Q

Lactation

A

Secretion and formation of breast milk in the mother. Baby suckles stimulating nerve endings in nipple and Areola, travels to the hypothalamus, stimulates posterior pituitary to release oxytocin. Oxytocin causes contraction of mammary lobules and produces milk.

50
Q

Prolactin

A

Hormone needed for milk production

51
Q

Sterile

A

Describes men and women who are unable to have any children

52
Q

Infertile

A

Difficulty conceiving children, after unsuccessfully trying to have children for a year or more

53
Q

Artificial insemination

A

Sperm are collected and concentrated before being placed in the woman’s vagina

54
Q

In vitro fertilization

A

Ultrasound machines are used to identify specific follicles that are close to ovulation eggs can be retrieved from these follicles. Combined with sperm in glassware. Fertilization occurs and then the embryo is placed in the uterus

55
Q

Surrogate mothers

A

Infertile couple has another woman carry their baby, one or both gametes may be contributed by the couple

56
Q

Super ovulation

A

Production of multiple eggs as a result of hormone treatment used by women who ovulate rarely or not at all

57
Q

Abstinence

A

Not having sexual intercourse, cannot contact stis

58
Q

Tubal ligation

A

In women, involves cutting the oviducts and tying off the cut ends. Ensures ovum never reached the uterus or encounters sperm

59
Q

Vasectomy

A

Ductus Deferens is cut and tied, man still has an erection and ejaculates but semen does not contain any sperm

60
Q

Contraceptive technologies

A

Changed the balance of reproductive hormones in a women’s body. Mimics the effect of progesterone and inhibits the release of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary. Women does not ovulate

61
Q

Morning after pill

A

Emergency hormone treatment after unprotected sexual intercourse, release high levels of estrogen and progesterone that disrupt or delay the ovarian cycle

62
Q

Physical or Chemical Barriers

A

Include condoms, latex cap, and contraceptive sponge. Spermicides (kills sperm) can be used together to increase effectiveness

63
Q

Natural Family planning

A

Refrain from intercourse when a women is most fertile (week before ovulation to a day or two after)

Bio 30 (7 decks)

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