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Bio 30 > Chapter 4-6 > Flashcards

Chapter 4-6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Gonads

A

Organs that produce reproductive cells and sex hormones

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2
Q

Sex hormones

A

Chemical compounds that control development and function of reproductive systems

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3
Q

Primary Sex Characteristics

A

The structures that play a direct role in reproduction

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4
Q

Secondary Sex Characteristics

A

Males and females also have a distinct set of features that are not directly related to reproductive function

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5
Q

Sperm cells

A

Male gametes

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6
Q

Testes

A

2 male gonads, held outside the body in pouch of skin called the scrotum

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7
Q

Scrotum

A

Regulates temperature of the testes (sperm like 35 degree)

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8
Q

Seminiferous Tubules

A

Long coiled tubes that make up the testes, here sperm is produced

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9
Q

Interstitial Cells

A

Hormone secreting cells, that lie between the seminiferous tubules. Secrete male hormone testosterone

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10
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

°Starts with diploid germ cell “spermatogonium”
°Puberty - spermatogonium is stimulated to divide by mitosis to form two daughter cells
° 1st cell replenish spermatogonia population
° 2nd cell develops into primary spermatocyte > meiosis 1 > forms two secondary spermatocyte > meiosis 2 > form 4 spermatids > final set of stages to develop into sperm

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11
Q

Sertoli Cells

A

Supports and nourishes developing sperm (located in seminiferous tubules)

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12
Q

Epididymis

A

Duct where the sperm becomes mature and motile

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13
Q

(Vas) Ductus Deferenz

A

Connects epididymis and penis

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14
Q

Ejaculatory Duct

A

Tube connecting vas Deferens to the penis

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15
Q

Penis

A

Male organ for sexual intercourse, primary reproductive function is to transfer sperm from the male to the female reproductive tract

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16
Q

Seminal Vessicles

A

Produces mucus like fluid that contains sugar fructose and provides energy for the sperm

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17
Q

Prostate Gland and Cowpers Gland

A

Secrets mucus like fluids and alkaline fluid to neutralize acids from urine in the urethra

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18
Q

Semen

A

Combination of sperm cells and fluid. Semen enters urethra from ductus Deferens

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19
Q

Urethra

A

Duct that carries fluid through the penis (urinary and reproductive)

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20
Q

Ejaculation

A

Release of semen from the penis

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21
Q

Ovaries

A

2 female gonads, produce limited number of gametes (eggs or ova)

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22
Q

Eggs or ova

A

Female gametes

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23
Q

Oogenesis

A

°Starts with diploid germ cell “oogonium” > mitosis > two primary oocytes > prophase 1 remains until puberty > after puberty, every month one primary oocytes undergoes meiosis > unequal division of cytoplasm
°cell with most cytoplasm: secondary oocyte
other cell: first polar body not functional
°meiosis again
°cell with most cytoplasm: mature egg
Other cell: not viable

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24
Q

Follicles

A

Specialized cell structures within the ovary, one ovum develops in each follicle

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25
Q

Ovulation

A

Each month a follicle ruptures releasing ovum into oviduct

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26
Q

Fimbriae

A

Thread like projections that sweep over the ovary, ovum is released and is swept by fimbriae into an oviduct

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27
Q

Oviduct

A

Cilia-lined 10cm tube that carries ovum from ovary to uterus

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28
Q

Ovum

A

Contains large quantity of cytoplasm for the first days of fertilization

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29
Q

Uterus

A

Muscular organ holds and nourishes a developing fetus

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30
Q

Endometrium

A

Lining of the uterus richly supplied with blood vessels to provide nutrients for the fetus

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31
Q

Cervix

A

Base of the uterus small opening, connects to the vagina

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32
Q

Vagina

A

Serves as an entrance for the erect penis to deposit sperm, serves as an exit for fetus during childbirth

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33
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilized egg that moves through oviduct before reaching uterus

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34
Q

Vulva

A

Female external genital organs (opens from vagina)

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35
Q

Labia majora and labia minora

A

Two pairs of skin folds to protect vaginal opening, includes glans clitoris(becomes erect during intercourse)

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36
Q

STI

A

Sexually transmitted infection

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37
Q

HIV/AIDS

A
  • acquired immunodeficiency syndrome caused by virus

- Attacks WBC helper T cells, becomes more vulnerable to infections

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38
Q

Hepatitis

A

A: drinking water contaminated with fecal matter
B: sexual contact with infected body fluids or blood
C: blood to blood contact through needles or syringes

39
Q

Genital Herpes

A

Viral STI, blisters or sores of the mouth, genital, buttocks, thigh

40
Q

Human Papilloma virus

A

Genital warts, caused by skin to skin contact that can lead to cervical cancer in women, tumors of vulva, vagina anus and penis

41
Q

Chlamydia

A

Caused by bacteria chlamydium trachomatis
symptoms include discharge from penis or vagina, pain urinating, or fever
Cure - early antibiotics

42
Q

Gonorrhea

A

Bacterial STI cause infection of the urethra, cervix, rectum and throat, pain when urinating, and thick green-yellow discharge from urethra

43
Q

Syphilis and treatment

A

Bacterial STI proceeds in 3 stages and treated with antibiotics

44
Q

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (Production, Target Organ, Function in male, Function in female)

A

Production Site: Hypothalamus
Target Organs: Anterior Pituitary Gland
Function in male: stimulates release of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary
Function in women: same

45
Q

FSH in males (production site, Target organs, Function in male/female)

A

Production site: Anterior pituitary
Target organs: ovaries and testies
Function on in male/female reproductive system: stimulates development of sex organs and gamete production

46
Q

LH (production site, Target organd, Function in male/female reproductive syste)

A

Production site: Anterior pituitary
Target Organs: ovaries and testes
Function in male: Stimulates production of testosterone
Function in female: triggers ovulation and with FSH stimulates estrogen production

47
Q

Steroids

A

Mimic action of testosterone in promoting muscle development but disrupt reproductive hormone systems

48
Q

Andropause

A

Gradual decline in testosterone levels (age 40+), drop in sperm count, depression, muscle loss

49
Q

Menstrual Cycle

A

Female reproductive function follows a cyclical pattern, ensures an ovum is released same time as uterus is most receptive to a fertilized egg (28 days long)

50
Q

Ovarian Cycle

A

One follicle matures, releases ovum, develops into yellowish Gland-like structure “corpus luteum”
2 stages

51
Q

Corpus Luteum

A

A yellow gland like structure developed from a follicle

52
Q

Follicular Stage

A

Increase in level of FSH stimulates follicle to mature, releases estrogen and progesterone.
Estrogen triggers release of GnRH> increase in LH triggers ovulation> follicle bursts > releases ovum

53
Q

Luteal Stage

A

LH causes follicle to develop into a corpus Luteum and secretes progesterone. As hormones rise FSH and LH are inhibited, corpus Luteum degenerates= decrease in estrogen and progesterone so the cycle begins again

54
Q

Ovarian Uterine Cycle

A

Timing ensures uterus is prepared to receive and nurture a new life, causes a build up of blood vessels and tissues in the endometrium

55
Q

Menstruation

A

If fertilization does not occur the endometrium degenerates and is released with blood

56
Q

Menopause

A

End of the menstrual cycle (age 50) does not produce ova and is no longer fertile
Effects - rise cholesterol and cancer

57
Q

Spermatid

A

Develops into mature sperm, has a nucleus and enzymes in the head regions, mitochondria in the midsection (energy), and a tail like flagellum for movement

58
Q

Mature sperm

A

Tadpole shaped, with an oval head, cylindrical middle piece and extended tail

  • head: nucleus, enzymes, 23 chromosomes and covered by acrosomes
  • middle: mitochondria
59
Q

What happens to penis during arousal?

A

Blood flow increases to specialized tissues, erectile tissues expand, veins compress, penis engorges with blood, erect sperm cells move out through ductus deferens

60
Q

How is urine and semen prevented from mixing?

A

Sphincter tightens

61
Q

What causes the movement of semen?

A

Series of interactions between the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and somatic nervous systems.

62
Q

What causes ejaculation?

A

Sensory stimulation, arousal and co-ordinated muscular contractions contractions

63
Q

Where are the two ovaries located?

A

Suspended by ligaments within the abdominal cavity

64
Q

Mature ovum

A

Non-motile, large quantity of cytoplasm with nutrients for the first days of development after fertilization.

65
Q

What mature ovum needs for fertilization?

A

Mature ovum is encased in a thick membrane which must be penetrate by a sperm cell before fertilization can take place.

66
Q

What does the uterus connect to?

A

Connects to oviduct at upper end and vagina through cervix at base

67
Q

How long can the ovum survive in oviduct?

A

24 hours

68
Q

What happens to endometrium when egg is fertilized?

A

Thickens to prepare for zygote, zygote implants itself in it and embryo develops

69
Q

What happens if egg doesn’t fertilize?

A

Doesn’t implant in endometrium, endometrium disintegrates, tissue and blood flow out of vagina

70
Q

Causes of STI

A

Viruses, bacteria, parasites

71
Q

Most common and viral STI

A

HIV/AIDS, hepatitis, genital herpes, HPV

72
Q

Most common bacterial STI

A

Chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis

73
Q

How is HIV/AIDS transmitted and cured?

A
  • Sexual contact with infected person, drug users sharing needles children of mothers with HIV (during birth or breastfeeding)
  • No cure, alleviation of symptoms carry severe side effects
74
Q

Hepatitis symptoms

A

Flu-like, fever, headache, nausea, loss of appetite

Jaundice, liver infection/failure, cancer, death, infect unborn child

75
Q

Hepatitis prevention

A

Vaccine for a+b

76
Q

What happens if chlamydia goes undetected in women?

A

Spreads to cervix and oviduct > pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) > painful and can build up scar tissue in oviduct > maybe become fully blocked cause infertility.
Cervix infection can result in open sores increasing HIV risk
Babies during birth that come in contact with chlamydia can develop eye and respiratory infections

77
Q

Untreated gonorrhea and treatments

A

Lead to PID, spread through bloodstream to joints, heart, brain
Baby birth-eye infection
Antibiotics

78
Q

Syphilis effects and 3 stages

A

1: infectious ulcerated sores
2: rash
3: mentally ill, blind, heart disease, large/destructive ulcers on skin/internal organs
Can infect developing embryo - birth defect or still birth

79
Q

When does male sex organ develop?

A

Before birth

80
Q

Y chromosome

A

Carries gene called testis-determining factor triggering male sex hormone production “androgens” develops male sex organs and ducts in fetus

81
Q

Male puberty

A

10-13

82
Q

Beginning of puberty for males

A

Hypothalamus increases GnRH > anterior pituitary releases FSH and LH > testes produce sperm and release testosterone > complete sex organ/characteristic development

83
Q

FSH negative feedback loop

A

While FSH causes interstitial cells in the testes to produce sperm, FSH also causes cells in seminiferous tubules to release inhibit to inhibit production of FSH.

84
Q

LH negative feedback loop

A

LH causes testes to release testosterone, testosterone acts on anterior pituitary to inhibit LH release

85
Q

Estrogen (Production, Target Organ, Function in male, Function in female)

A

Production site: ovary
Target Organs: entire body
Function in male: minor
Function in female: stimulates the development of the female reproductive tract and secondary sex characteristics

86
Q

Progesterone (production site, Target organs, Function in male/female reproductive system)

A

Production: ovary
Target organ: uterus
Function in male:minor
Function in female:cause uterine thickening

87
Q

Testosterone (production site, Target Organ, function in male/female reproductive system)

A

Production site: testes(interstitial cells)
Target Organ: entire body
Function in male: stimulates development of male reproductive tract and secondary sex characteristics
Function in female: minor

88
Q

Inhibin(production site, Target Organ, Function in male and female reproductive system)

A

Production: testes (sertoli cells)
Target organ: Anterior pituitary and hypothalamus
Function in male: inhibit FSH production
Function in female: same

89
Q

Beginning of puberty for females

A

Hypothalamus produce GNRH > release FSH + LH > act on ovaries produce estrogen + progesterone

90
Q

Ovarian follicular stage

A

Increase FSH > stimulates follicle to mature > release estrogen + progesterone > inhibit FSH > sudden release of GNRH > increase LH > ovulation > follicle bursts > release ovum

91
Q

Ovarian Luteal Stage

A

LH cause follicle to turn into corpus luteum > increase progesterone + estrogen > inhibit FSH + LH
corpus luteum either degenerates or gets fertilized

92
Q

What happens when corpus luteum does not get fertilized

A

Degenerates, decrease in progesterone and estrogen, increase FSH, cycle restarts

93
Q

What happens when ovum is fertilized?

A

Implants in endometrium, Estrogen and Progesterone remain high under stimulus of hCG

94
Q

Hormone replacement therapy

A

Low levels of estrogen

Risks - coronary heart disease, stroke, blood clots, breast cancer

Bio 30 (7 decks)

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