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Bio 30 > Chapter 9-12 > Flashcards

Chapter 9-12 Flashcards

1
Q

Monoploid

A

Haploid, a cell that contains only 1 set of chromosomes. (n) occurs in gametes

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2
Q

Diploid

A

A cell that contains 2 sets of chromosomes. (2N) occurs in fertilization or mitosis

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3
Q

Gametes

A

Sex cells, sperm and eggs. Which are monoploid, produced by meiosis

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4
Q

Somatic Cells

A

Regular body cells, are diploid. Produced by mitosis

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5
Q

Mitosis

A

Type of cell division

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6
Q

Interphase

A

Phase when cells are not dividing

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7
Q

G1 phase

A

Stage of rapid growth, centrioles replicate, organelles replicate

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8
Q

S phase

A

Stage in which dna duplicates

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9
Q

G2 phase

A

Growth and final cell preparation for cell division stage

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10
Q

Chromosomes

A

Packages of DNA, somatic cells have 46, sex cells have 23. Contain DNA and proteins called histones.

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11
Q

Chromatin

A

Uncondensed DNA, condenses during cell division to for chromosomes

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12
Q

Mitotic cell division

A

Refers to the division of the nucleus, occurs in 4 stages (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase), daughter cells are identical

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13
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of the cytoplasm, occurs after the nucleus has divided (telophase)

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14
Q

Early Prophase (Mitosis)

A

Nucleoli dissolve, chromatin condenses to form discrete chromosomes, spindle fibres form between the centrioles, centrioles begin to move to opposite poles of the cell

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15
Q

Late prophase (Mitosis)

A

Nuclear membrane dissolves, centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell, spindle fibres extend between poles of the cell, sister chromatids condense, sister chromatids are held together by a centromere

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16
Q

Metaphase (Mitosis)

A

Sister chromatids line up at the metaphase plate, centromeres align along metaphase plate, chromatids line up with long axis at right angles to the spindle

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17
Q

Anaphase (Mitosis)

A

Paired centromeres begin to move apart, sister chromatids begin to separate at their centromere, chromatids line up with long axis at right angles to the spindle

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18
Q

Telophase (Mitosis)

A

Nuclear membrane reforms, nucleoli reform, cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm into equal parts. (Cleavage furrow in animals, cell plate in plants)

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19
Q

Cancer

A

A mutation when DNA begins to divide continuously, rapidly dividing cell.

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20
Q

Meiosis

A

Reduction division, formation of gametes (sperm and eggs). One DNA replication and 2 nuclear divisions. The resulting cells are haploid, they have half the number of chromosomes as a regular somatic cell

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21
Q

Importance of meiosis

A

Produces haploid gametes and therefore keeps the chromosome number constant when fertilization takes place. A source of genetic variation

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22
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A

Each pair of chromosomes (partner), chromosomes that contain genes for the same trait one from the father and one from the mother

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23
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

Females XX chromosomes, male XY chromosomes

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24
Q

Somatic cells

A

Diploid cells containing 46 chromosomes (44 autosomal chromosomes and 2 sex chromosomes). 2 sets of chromosomes, one maternal and one paternal. 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes produced by mitosis

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25
Q

Gametic cells

A

Monoploid or haploid cells containing 22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome. One set of chromosomes with genetic variability, produced by meiosis

26
Q

Interphase (Meiosis)

A

Each chromosome produces an exact replica of itself, each pair now consists of sister chromatids that are genetically identical, sister chromatids are attached at their centromere, centrioles replicate

27
Q

Prophase 1 (meiosis)

A

Chromosome threads condense, homologous chromosomes synapse forming a tetrad. Homologous chromosomes may undergo crossing over between sister chromatids, centriole pairs move to opposite poles and nuclear membrane disperses

28
Q

Tetrads

A

Synapsed pairs of homologous chromosomes

29
Q

Chiasmata

A

Points of contact between homologous chromosomes where genetic material can be exchanged

30
Q

Metaphase 1 (meiosis)

A

Chromosome Tetrads align themselves on the metaphase plate, the centromeres of the homologous chromosomes point towards opposite poles of the cell

31
Q

Anaphase 1 (meiosis)

A

Homologous pairs separate and move to opposite poles of the cell, sister chromatids remain attached at their centromeres, spindle fibres guide homologous pairs to opposite poles

32
Q

Telophase 1 (meiosis)

A

Homologous chromosome pairs separate and reach poles of cells, each pair still consists of two sister chromatids, cytokinesis divides cytoplasm, nuclear membrane may form and each pole receives a haploid set of homologous chromosomes

33
Q

Prophase 2 (meiosis)

A

If there is a period of time between meiosis 1 and 2 the nuclear membrane and nucleoli disappear. Centrioles and new spindle apparatus appear and move to opposite poles of the cell

34
Q

Metaphase 2 (meiosis)

A

Sister chromatids align themselves along the metaphase plate

35
Q

Anaphase 2 (meiosis)

A

Centromeres of sister chromatids divide, sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell, movement of sister chromatids is guided by spindle fibres

36
Q

Telophase 2 (meiosis)

A

Division of the cytoplasm (cytokinesis), new nuclear membrane are reassembled around each set of chromosomes, four haploid cells are formed. All gametes are genetically distinct.

37
Q

Nondisjunction

A

Mix up in meiosis, gametes will be created with to many or too few chromosomes

38
Q

Nondisjunction in meiosis 1

A

2 gametes will have an extra chromosome and 2 gametes will be missing a chromosome

39
Q

Nondisjunction in meiosis 2

A

2 gametes will be normal, one will have an extra chromosome and one will have a missing chromosome

40
Q

Chromosomes numbers

A

Chromosomes have been numbered 1-23 for identification, partner chromosome have the same structure and carry the same genes therefore are no counted twice

41
Q

How is gender determined

A

During oogenesis ova receive one X chromosome, during spermatogenesis sperm receive one X or one Y chromosome. Upon fertilization the presence of a Y chromosome leads to make development

42
Q

X chromosome

A

Carries more than 2300 genes, most deal with nonsexual traits. Genes on X chromosome can be expressed in both males and females

43
Q

Y chromosome

A

Fewer than 2 dozen genes, one is the master gene for male sex determination (SRY gene) SRY present= testes form, SRY absent= ovaries form

44
Q

Turner Syndrome

A

Inheritance of only one X chromosome (XO), survivors are short infertile females and secondary sex traits are reduced

45
Q

Klinefelter Syndrome

A

XXY condition, results mainly from nondisjunction in mothers. Tall sterile males, feminized traits

46
Q

Jacobs syndrome

A

XYY, Nondisjunction in the father. Taller than average males, phenotypic ally normal because Y chromosome is much smaller

47
Q

Down syndrome

A

Trisomy of chromosome 21, mental impairment and a variety of additional defects. Risk of Down syndrome increases in mothers over age 35

48
Q

Edwards syndrome

A

Trisomy of chromosome 18

49
Q

Patau syndrome

A

Trisomy 13, most will not survive long

50
Q

Karyotyping

A

A way of examining the chromosomes of an unborn child to determine if there is a chromosomal abnormality

51
Q

Amniocentesis

A

Procedure by which a needle is used to withdraw a small sample of amniotic fluid from the uterus to perform genetic analysis. For safety cannot be performed until the 14th week of pregnancy

52
Q

Chorionic villus sampling

A

Can be performed around 9 weeks, involves inserting a suction tube into the mothers uterus and taking a small sample of placenta, (placenta originated from the embryo itself so has I the same DNA as the fetus), chromosomes are then analyzed

53
Q

Karyotype preparation

A

Collected cells are arrested at metaphase by adding colchicine, cells are most condensed and easiest to identify. Chromosomes are stained and photographed through a microscope and then cut up and arranged into a karyotype

54
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Mitosis is key, allows for large number of offspring in a short period of time, offspring are identical to the parent, requires less energy, no genetic variability

55
Q

Budding

A

A complete but miniature version of adult grows out from parents body

56
Q

Vegetative reproduction

A

A plants stem grows out and a new plant develops at end of stem

57
Q

Fragmentation

A

New individual grows from a fragment of another individual

58
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

An unfertilized egg develops into an adult

59
Q

Spores

A

Seed like structures that can be dispersed and will grow into individuals

60
Q

Alternation of generations

A

Life cycle of plants consists of two generations, diploid one and haploid one. Sporophyte produces haploid spores through meiosis, grows into haploid individual, (gametophyte) produces gametes that undergo fertilization to produce new sporophyte
Diploid>haploid>diploid>haploid

61
Q

Sporophyte

A

Diploid generation in plants

62
Q

Gametophyte

A

a haploid individual in plants (spore grows without being fertilized)

Bio 30 (7 decks)

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