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Bio 30 > 26-29 > Flashcards

26-29 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Neuron

A

Is the basic unit of the nervous system, is a nerve cell that transmits a message from one part of the body to another

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2
Q

Dendrite

A

Receives message and transmits towards the cell body of the axon

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3
Q

Axon

A

Transmits messages to axon terminal

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4
Q

Axon terminal

A

Passed message on to next neuron

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5
Q

Glial Cells

A

Nourish neurons, remove their wastes and defend against infection

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6
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Insulates, protects, and nourishes the axon. Leads to faster conduction of nerve impulses. Made of shwaan Cells

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7
Q

Nodes of ranvier

A

Saltatory conduction

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8
Q

Nerves

A

Bundle of axons enclosed within a connective tissue sheath, they permit long distance communication between the brain or spinal cord and the rest of the body

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9
Q

Resting Potential

A

When a neuron is not being used. Membrane pumps Na ions outside the cell and K ions inside the cell. Outside the cell is positive and inside is negative, the charge difference in the neuron means it is polarized

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10
Q

Action Potential

A

Occurs when a neuron is stimulated sufficiently, na channels in the membrane open up. Na rushes into the cell by diffusion, other Na channels open up (positive feedback). Impulse travel down the length of the neuron

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11
Q

Repolarization

A

Needs to occur for the neuron to be stimulated again (must return to resting potential), after Na channels open the K channels open and K Ions flood out causing the membrane potential to become negative again

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12
Q

Refractory Period

A

Even though the neuron is at resting potential, it cannot be stimulated because Na is on the inside and K is on the ground outside, Na and K membrane pumps are exchanging Na for K without potential changing to allow it to be stimulated again

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13
Q

All or nothing theory

A

All action potentials are the same magnitude, neither stronger nor weaker than another. If stimulation is below threshold level no action potential occurs, if it is above threshold level, then cell is always depolarizer to the same level

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14
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

The action potential moves along nerve membrane differently in myelinated vs unmyelinated nerve cells. Myelinated cell Potential jumps from one node of ranvier to another, very fast

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15
Q

The synapse

A

Action potential arrives here, and a neurotransmitter is released from pressynaptic vesicles. Neurotransmitter (ACH and norepinephrine) diffuses across cleft and binds to receptors on Na channels, causes action potential in post synaptic neuron. Ach-are secreted to break ACH into inactive fragments, allowing the second neuron to reset

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16
Q

Summation

A

If the summed effect if excitory impulses is greater than inhibitory impulses then the membrane will depolarize, if threshold is reached =action potential

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17
Q

Excitory synapse

A

Occurs when neurotransmitter depolarize postsynaptic membrane- making it more likely to have an action potential

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18
Q

Inhibitory Synapse

A

Occurs when neurotransmitter reduces ability of postsynaptic membrane to depolarize making it less likely to have an action potential

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19
Q

Neuromuscular Junction

A

Synapses between neurons and skeletal muscles, ACH is the chemical transmitter. Depolarizes muscle cell membrane, causes muscle contraction

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20
Q

Reflexes

A

Use very few neurons to transmit messages so they are very fast, does not involve the brain

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21
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Receive information and transmits it to the central nervous system

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22
Q

Association neurons (interneurons)

A

Located in the central nervous system

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23
Q

Motor neurons

A

Transmits message from central nervous system to muscle

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24
Q

Steps in reflex arc

A
  1. Sensory cell receptor recognizes stimulus
  2. Sensory neuron carries impulse to the CNS
  3. Association neuron in CNS selects the appropriate response
  4. Motor neuron carries the impulse back to the appropriate muscle or gland
  5. Effector carries out the command
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25
Q

Structures in the CNS

A

Consists of the brain and spinal cord

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26
Q

Structure of the peripheral system

A

Consists of all nerves lying outside of the central nervous system

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27
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Involuntary control, heartbeat, blood pressure, rate and depth of breathing

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28
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Regulation of body temp, control of hunger, production of hormones, regulation of water and electrolytic balance

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29
Q

Thalamus

A

Central relay system for sensory impulse, channels sensory impulses to appropriate regions, all regions of cerebral cortex communicate with the thalamus

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30
Q

Cerebellum

A

Controls coordinated muscular activity below the level of conscious

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31
Q

Pons

A

Is a relay between the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex

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32
Q

Cerebrum

A

Conscious part of the brain, divided into left and right hemisphere, and has for lobes

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33
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Motor areas: voluntary skeletal movement, contains Broca’s area
Association areas: higher mental processes, problem solving and reasoning, personality, logic

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34
Q

Broca’s area

A

Coordinates muscles for speech and translates thoughts into speech

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35
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Sensory areas:
Sensations of touch, pressure, pain, and taste
Temperature
Process information about body’s position and orientation

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36
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Responsible for hearing, contains wernickes area (stores the information involved in language comprehension)

37
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Responsible for vision (receiving and analyzing), recognition of what is being seen

38
Q

Protecting the Brain

A
  1. Hard skull surrounds the brain
  2. 3 meninges surround the brain (dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid)=tough protective membranes
  3. Blood brain barrier: toxins in the blood can damage brain tissue, blood is not permitted to touch the brain. Brain is nourished by cerebrospinal fluid, nutrients diffuse into the CSF
39
Q

Spinal Cord

A

Consists of 31 segments each giving rise to a pair of nerves, white matter lies external to gray matter.
2 functions: centre of simple spinal reflexes, connects peripheral nerves to the CNS

40
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Sensory Somatic: voluntary systems both sensory and motor

Autonomic: involuntary systems that you are not aware of (sympathetic or parasympathetic)

41
Q

Sympathetic: effects

A

Flight or fight response, increase heart rate and blood pressure, dilate pupils, increases rate and depth of breathing, decreases peristaltic action, uses norepinephrine
*tend to be excitatory and get body to deal with an emergency situation

42
Q

Parasympathetic Effects

A

Rest and digest response, lowers heart rate and blood pressure, constricts pupils, increases peristaltic action, acetylcholine
*counteracts sympathetic ns, returns the body to normal after an emergency as passed

43
Q

Receptors

A

Are stimulated by external stimuli and they stimulate sensory neurons which send messages to the brain for interpretation, are grouped according to kind of stimulus they receive

44
Q

Photoreceptor

A

Respond to visible wavelength of light

Ex: sight

45
Q

Mechanoreceptor

A

Sensitive to mechanical energy (movement and vibrations)

Ex: ear

46
Q

Thermoreceptor

A

Sensitive to heat and cold

Ex: skin

47
Q

Osmoreceptor

A

Detect changes in the concentration of solutes in body fluids

48
Q

Chemoreceptor

A

Sensitive to specific chemicals such as the concentration of oxygen in the blood
Ex: smell and taste

49
Q

Nociceptor

A

A pain receptor that is sensitive to tissue damage

50
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

When a receptor becomes accustomed to a stimulus and ceases to fire, even though the stimulus is still present

51
Q

Sclera

A

A tough, protective layer that surrounds the eyeball. The front of the sclera is transparent and is called the cornea

52
Q

Choroid

A

Located just inside the sclera, this layer contains blood vessels that nourish the eye. Toward the front of the eye, forms the iris and ciliary muscles that can control the shape of the lens

53
Q

Retina

A

The innermost layer, layer contains photoreceptive cells called rods and cones which transmit visual information to the brain via the optic nerve

54
Q

Pupil

A

Is a hole that can be made bigger or smaller by the action of the muscular iris. Under low light conditions, the pupil gets bigger to let more light in. Under high light conditions the pupil gets smaller to control the amount of light entering the eye. (Accommodation)

55
Q

Vision

A

Light first passes through the cornea and then a liquid called the aqueous humour before it passes through the pupil, aqueous humour is responsible for maintaining the shape between the lens and the cornea as well as supplying that part of the eyeball with nutrients and oxygen

56
Q

Lens

A

Job is to focus the incoming light precisely on to the retina at the back of the eyeball, can change shape
Lens is thicker: can focus light from nearby objects
Lens is thinner: can focus light from distant objects

57
Q

Lens and convexity

A

As a viewed object becomes closer, convexity of the lens increases
As a viewed object becomes more distant, the convexity of the lens decreases

58
Q

Myopia (nearsightedness)

A

If the lens is too strong, or your eyeball too long, the image is projected in front of your retina

59
Q

Hyperopia (farsightedness)

A

If the lens is too weak, or your eyeball too short the image is projected behind your retina

60
Q

Cones

A

Respond to colours, mostly concentrated around the centre of your retina, in a spot called the fovea centralis. Not found in the periphery of the eyeball, 3 kinds of cones (red, blue, or green) lead to the perception of different colours

61
Q

Rods

A

These are sensitive to light and are responsible for black and white vision under low light conditions, found more on the periphery of the eyeball than cones

62
Q

Blind spot

A

Spot where the optic nerve connects to the retina and has no rods or cones

63
Q

Chemistry of Vision (Rods)

A

Rods contain a chemical called rhodopsin. When light strikes a rod, rhodopsin is split which changes the membrane permeability of the rod and causes an action potential

64
Q

Chemistry of Vision (cones)

A

Cones contain a chemical called photopsin, each type of cone has a specific photopsin that will split only when stimulated by a certain colour wavelength

65
Q

Photoreception

A

Once rods and cones are stimulated they send a neural message to the occipital lobe of the brain, which processes and integrates the information and then perceives it as an image

66
Q

Colour blindness

A

A lack of one of the three types of cones (usually red or green), people find it difficult to distinguish between these 2 colours

67
Q

Astigmatism

A

An uneven curvature of the eyeball that leads to unequal focus of some parts of your field of view

68
Q

Cataracts

A

Proteins in the eye begin to degenerate making the lens opaque

69
Q

Pinna (outer ear)

A

Collects sound

70
Q

Auditory canal (outer ear)

A

Carries sound to eardrum

71
Q

Tympanic membrane (middle ear)

A

Eardrum

72
Q

Ossicles (middle ear)

A

Hammer, anvil, and stirrup

73
Q

Oval window (middle ear)

A

Connects to cochlea

74
Q

Eustachian tube (middle ear)

A

Equalizes air pressure

75
Q

Vestibule (inner ear)

A

Contains utricle and saccule which detects head position

76
Q

Semicircular canals (inner ear)

A

Contains hair cells which respond to body movement

77
Q

Cochlea (inner ear)

A

Made up of organ of corti and basilar membrane which sends impulses to the brain via the auditory nerve in response to sound

78
Q

How we Hear

A
  1. Pinna helps funnel sound into the auditory canal
  2. Auditory canal transmits sound to the tympanic membrane and makes it vibrate
  3. Vibration of the eardrum is picked up and amplified by the ossicles, these transmit vibrations to the oval window of the cochlea
79
Q

Cochlea

A

Consists of 3 fluid filled chambers, middle chamber contains the organ of corti which is the actual structure responsible for hearing

80
Q

Hearing vibrations

A

Vibrations of the ossicles cause the oval window to oscillate, creates waves in the fluid filled upper chamber, the waves travel the length of the upper chamber then enter the lower chamber until they hit the round window

81
Q

Organ of corti

A

Has a basilar membrane (bottom) and tectorial membrane (top) connected by hair cells. Waves in fluid of the other 2 chambers cause basilar membrane to move up and down, as it does hair cells push against tectorial membrane and they bend. Leads to depolarization of hair cells which are transmitted to the brain causing perception of sound

82
Q

Hearing loss

A

Result of nerve damage (damage to hair cells), or damage to sound conduction components of the ear (tympanum or ossicles).
Repeated loud noises damage hair cells
Conduction deafness is treated by hearing aids

83
Q

Gravitational Equilibrium

A

Head position, is detected by the utricle and saccule

84
Q

Rotational Equilibrium

A

Movement, is detected by the semi circular canals

85
Q

Detecting Movement

A

Each semicircular canal has a bulge at the base called an ampulla, within is a cupula. When you are moving fluid in the canal moves against the hair cells in cupula causing them to depolarize and begin an action potential, arranged in different planes to detect movement in different planes

86
Q

Head position

A

Utricle and saccule contain tiny hair cells suspended in jelly like material, contains small pieces of calcium carbonate (otoliths), when our head is tilted forward otoliths shit because of gravity which causes jelly like material to shift and the cilia on hair cells to bend. Cause depolarization and an action potential

87
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Found in muscles, tendons and joints and provide information about body position to the brain
Ex: you know if your arm is bent even if your eyes are closed

88
Q

Taste

A

Tongue contains chemoreceptors called taste buds
4 kinds of receptor cells: correspond to 4 basic tastes (sour, sweet, salty, and bitter)
Perception of taste is a result of information received from the tongue as well as the nose, sent to the parietal lobe of the brain

89
Q

Smell

A

Olfactory cells are chemoreceptors, different chemicals in the air stimulate olfactory cells and trigger an action potential

Bio 30 (7 decks)

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