Population distribution Flashcards
What is clumped dispersion pattern
Animals live in small groups
uneven food distribution
abundant food
ex. fish
What is the biological hierarchy of org
12 samoctooopce
subatomic
atom
molecule
organelle
cell
tissure
organs
organ systems
organism
population
community
ecosystem
What are the 4 advantages of clumped pop dispersion
better mating
more protection
better hunting
child rearing
What are characteristics of random pop dispersion
not many needs or there are plenty of resources
uniform food
abundant food
ex. plants, weedsW
What are chars of uniform pop dispersion
Competing for food
uniform food
scarce food
ex. birds of prey
What are the 3 sampling method
Quadrat, transect, mark recapture
Which sampling mthod involves lines
transect
Chars of quadrat method
toss a square count stuff inside and use as ratio
for small, slow orgs
easy, cheap
bad on uneven ground and clumps
Chars for transect method
involves a line whre observations are done
for large and small animals
can be more mobile, accurate, uneven ground
expensive and labourous
Chars of mark recapture mthod
pros, cons
capture, mark, release and recapture and get data
any type of animal
however you must capture animals until you get a marked one
and factors could lead to innacurate data
(animal learning, birth, death, migration)
What is the equation for density
D = N/A
equation for Quadrat
D = N/A = Ntotal/Atotal
Crude density vs ecological density
of indiv in the total area of habitat
usually lower density
less accurate
vs
# of indive in the total area of livable habitat
does not count the areas where the org could not live
usually higher
not useful when habitat changes as species develops
Niche meaning and relation to other species
All the factors that a species needs to thrive
niche can change depending on other species in area
What Is replacement rate
The rate of which people need to reproduce to replace themselve
usually higher than 2, lower is better, more developed
What bio hierarchy does pop dynamics cover
Ecosystem
community
population
What bio hierarchy does endocrine and excretory system cover
organism
organism systems
organs
tissues
What bio hierarchy does the metabolic process cover
cellj
organelle
molecules
What bio hierarchy does biochem cover
molecule
atom
subatomic
What is clumped dispersion pattern
(resources dist and abund,interactions, ex)
Resources - uneven and abundant
positive interactions
fish schools, mussel
What is Random dispersion pattern
(resources dist and abund,interactions, ex)
Resources - uniform, abundant
neutral
plants and weeds
What is Uniform dispersion pattern
(resources dist and abund,interactions, ex)
Resources - uniform and scarce
neg interactions
birds of prey (not penguins)
Describe type 1 demo graph and meaning
(mortality, offspring, gestation, parental, size, ex)
Gradual decline in beginning
suddenly steep
things die of old age
Mortality - late
offspring - few
gestation - long
parental - long
org size - large
ex - elephants
Describe type 2 demo graph and meaning
(mortality, offspring, gestation, parental, size, ex)
decline is constant, death always likely
Mortality - mid
offspring - mid
gestation - mid
parental - mid
org size - small
ex - birds, reptile
Describe type 3 demo graph and meaning
(mortality, offspring, gestation, parental, size, ex)
Steep decline in beginning
Slower decline as age increases
Mortality - early
offspring - many
gestation - short
parental - short
org size - small
ex - sea turtle
What is fecundity
the ability for a species to produce offspring
average kids women makes in lifetime
What factors affects fecundity
6
age of sexual maturity
max reproductive age
gestation period
num of kids
amt of parent care
sex ratio
Examples of density independent pop factors
Natural distubances
Climate change
Pollution(all except humans)
Examples of density dependent pop factors 4
predations
disease
competition for resourcs
allee effect
What is sampling in terms of population study
uses
take data from a large area and use it to estimate data on whole
for pop size, density, dispersion
(quadrat, transect, mark and recapture )
What is survey in terms of population study
Everything is counted in the calculation
for pop size, density, dispersion
not an estimation
What is tracking in terms of population study
Monitors indiv animals
for behavior, migration patterns, dispersion
what is the total area occupied by a population called
Geological range
What is the specific environment a pop can live that is determined by biotic and abiotic factors
Habitat
What is population meaning
group of a species that live in a particular area
What is a cohort
Group of of indivs of around the same age
What is demography
Study of the factors that affect population size
study of the changes in characteristics of a population
dif between logistic and exponential growth
Exponential is when there is unrestricted growth, theoretical
only accounts for intrinsic factors
Logistic is what actually happens, plateaus
What is carrying capacity
Max pop envmt can carry
What is predation interaction, ex
pos- neg
rabbit , lynx
pop changes sinusoidal , lynx pop follow rabbit pop
what is herbivory interaction and ex
pos-neg
can be pos neutral
leaf cutter ants
plant does not always die from it
What is symbiosis interaction and ex
interaction can vary
species having physically close ecological association with each other
- live tgt, long term
obligate or facultative
what is batesian vs mullerian mimicry
Batesian - harmless org mimics harmful org
Mullerian - harmful org mimics each others warning signal bc they share predator
What is competition exclusion principle
2 species of same niche cannot coexist
What are the defense mech
Camouflage
mimicry
structural
behavioral
chemical
What is structural defense mech, ex
When the defense is something to do with the outside, comes into contact with pred
shell, spikes
what is behavioral def mech, ex
Doing something to defend or flee
playing dead, herding, mobbing
school of fish, opossum
what is chemical def mech, ex
org releases odours or poison to deter pred
skunk, monarch butterflies
What is camouflage def mech, ex
org has similar colouration to environment , for hiding
mimic octopus, chameleon
interspecific vs intraspecific competition
intra - same species (mates, food)
inter - diff species (food, space)
interference vs exploitative competition
interference - org directly limits other orgs access to resouces (usually by harming indiv)
ex . lions take food from cheetahs
exploitative - org limits other org access to resource because they are better (indirect)
ex. birds and ants looking for seedsW
what is resource partitioning and application to competition exclusion princip
species will take diff parts from the same habitat to avoid competition
allows species with similar or overlapping niches to coexist
ex. 2 types of barnacles on a rock
How have humans counteracted neg impact of increasing pop (food, space, disease, defense)
food - gardens, greenhouses
space - build up
disease- vaccines, healthcare
defense - weapons, tanks, guns
pos and negs of domestion of animals
p - protection, food, workers
n - takes up resources, possible disease
pos and negs of agriculture
p - more food, govt, jobs, village living
n - rotting, pesticides, diff diet, pollution
pos and negs of industrial rev
p - jobs, new materials, efficiency, transportation, low cost
n - pollution, deforestation, wage cap, bad working conditions
What is ecological deficit
resources used and waste that exceed biocapacity
What is doubling time
time it takes for a given pop to double in size
What are the phases of demographic transition model
5
preindustrial
transitional 1
transitional 2
ind
post ind
chars of pre ind on demo transition model (birth r, death r, growth)
birth r - high
lots of death
death r - high
disease
growth - stable
chars of trans 1 on demo transition model (birth r, death r, growth)
birth r - high
has not realized yet
death r - falling
more food, meds, trade
growth - rapid increase
chars of trans 2 on demo transition model (birth r, death r, growth)
birth r - rapid fall
higher cost of kids, women rights
death r - stable
old age
growth - increase
chars of industrial phase on demo transition model (birth r, death r, growth)
birth r - low
family planning
death r - low
new meds
growth - stable high
chars of post ind on demo transition model (birth r, death r, growth)
birth r - falling
death r - low, rising
growth - decrease
What is the equation for mark and recapture sampling method?
num of recaptures in second catch / total num in second catch
= num of total marked indiv / total pop
How do you calculate logistic growth rate
Delta N =
rmax * N *((K-N)/K)
What is (K-N)/K
what fraction of carrying capacity is still available
