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Biology 12 > Population distribution > Flashcards

Population distribution Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is clumped dispersion pattern

A

Animals live in small groups
uneven food distribution
abundant food
ex. fish

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2
Q

What is the biological hierarchy of org

12 samoctooopce

A

subatomic
atom
molecule
organelle
cell
tissure
organs
organ systems
organism
population
community
ecosystem

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3
Q

What are the 4 advantages of clumped pop dispersion

A

better mating
more protection
better hunting
child rearing

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4
Q

What are characteristics of random pop dispersion

A

not many needs or there are plenty of resources
uniform food
abundant food
ex. plants, weedsW

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5
Q

What are chars of uniform pop dispersion

A

Competing for food
uniform food
scarce food
ex. birds of prey

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6
Q

What are the 3 sampling method

A

Quadrat, transect, mark recapture

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7
Q

Which sampling mthod involves lines

A

transect

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8
Q

Chars of quadrat method

A

toss a square count stuff inside and use as ratio
for small, slow orgs
easy, cheap
bad on uneven ground and clumps

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9
Q

Chars for transect method

A

involves a line whre observations are done
for large and small animals
can be more mobile, accurate, uneven ground
expensive and labourous

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10
Q

Chars of mark recapture mthod

pros, cons

A

capture, mark, release and recapture and get data
any type of animal
however you must capture animals until you get a marked one
and factors could lead to innacurate data
(animal learning, birth, death, migration)

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11
Q

What is the equation for density

A

D = N/A
equation for Quadrat
D = N/A = Ntotal/Atotal

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12
Q

Crude density vs ecological density

A

of indiv in the total area of habitat
usually lower density
less accurate
vs
# of indive in the total area of livable habitat
does not count the areas where the org could not live
usually higher
not useful when habitat changes as species develops

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13
Q

Niche meaning and relation to other species

A

All the factors that a species needs to thrive
niche can change depending on other species in area

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14
Q

What Is replacement rate

A

The rate of which people need to reproduce to replace themselve
usually higher than 2, lower is better, more developed

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15
Q

What bio hierarchy does pop dynamics cover

A

Ecosystem
community
population

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16
Q

What bio hierarchy does endocrine and excretory system cover

A

organism
organism systems
organs
tissues

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17
Q

What bio hierarchy does the metabolic process cover

A

cellj
organelle
molecules

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18
Q

What bio hierarchy does biochem cover

A

molecule
atom
subatomic

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19
Q

What is clumped dispersion pattern
(resources dist and abund,interactions, ex)

A

Resources - uneven and abundant
positive interactions
fish schools, mussel

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20
Q

What is Random dispersion pattern
(resources dist and abund,interactions, ex)

A

Resources - uniform, abundant
neutral
plants and weeds

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21
Q

What is Uniform dispersion pattern
(resources dist and abund,interactions, ex)

A

Resources - uniform and scarce
neg interactions
birds of prey (not penguins)

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22
Q

Describe type 1 demo graph and meaning
(mortality, offspring, gestation, parental, size, ex)

A

Gradual decline in beginning
suddenly steep
things die of old age
Mortality - late
offspring - few
gestation - long
parental - long
org size - large
ex - elephants

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23
Q

Describe type 2 demo graph and meaning
(mortality, offspring, gestation, parental, size, ex)

A

decline is constant, death always likely
Mortality - mid
offspring - mid
gestation - mid
parental - mid
org size - small
ex - birds, reptile

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24
Q

Describe type 3 demo graph and meaning
(mortality, offspring, gestation, parental, size, ex)

A

Steep decline in beginning
Slower decline as age increases
Mortality - early
offspring - many
gestation - short
parental - short
org size - small
ex - sea turtle

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25
Q

What is fecundity

A

the ability for a species to produce offspring
average kids women makes in lifetime

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26
Q

What factors affects fecundity

6

A

age of sexual maturity
max reproductive age
gestation period
num of kids
amt of parent care
sex ratio

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27
Q

Examples of density independent pop factors

A

Natural distubances
Climate change
Pollution(all except humans)

28
Q

Examples of density dependent pop factors

A

predations
disease
competition for resourcs
allee effect

29
Q

What is sampling in terms of population study

uses

A

take data from a large area and use it to estimate data on whole
for pop size, density, dispersion
(quadrat, transect, mark and recapture )

30
Q

What is survey in terms of population study

A

Everything is counted in the calculation
for pop size, density, dispersion
not an estimation

31
Q

What is tracking in terms of population study

A

Monitors indiv animals
for behavior, migration patterns, dispersion

32
Q

what is the total area occupied by a population called

A

Geological range

33
Q

What is the specific environment a pop can live that is determined by biotic and abiotic factors

A

Habitat

34
Q

What is population meaning

A

group of a species that live in a particular area

35
Q

What is a cohort

A

Group of of indivs of around the same age

36
Q

What is demography

A

Study of the factors that affect population size
study of the changes in characteristics of a population

37
Q

dif between logistic and exponential growth

A

Exponential is when there is unrestricted growth, theoretical
only accounts for intrinsic factors
Logistic is what actually happens, plateaus

38
Q

What is carrying capacity

A

Max pop envmt can carry

39
Q

What is predation interaction, ex

A

pos- neg
rabbit , lynx
pop changes sinusoidal , lynx pop follow rabbit pop

40
Q

what is herbivory interaction and ex

A

pos-neg
can be pos neutral
leaf cutter ants
plant does not always die from it

41
Q

What is symbiosis interaction and ex

A

interaction can vary
species having physically close ecological association with each other
- live tgt, long term
obligate or facultative

42
Q

what is batesian vs mullerian mimicry

A

Batesian - harmless org mimics harmful org
Mullerian - harmful org mimics each others warning signal bc they share predator

43
Q

What is competition exclusion principle

A

2 species of same niche cannot coexist

44
Q

What are the defense mech

A

Camouflage
mimicry
structural
behavioral
chemical

45
Q

What is structural defense mech, ex

A

When the defense is something to do with the outside, comes into contact with pred
shell, spikes

46
Q

what is behavioral def mech, ex

A

Doing something to defend or flee
playing dead, herding, mobbing
school of fish, opossum

47
Q

what is chemical def mech, ex

A

org releases odours or poison to deter pred
skunk, monarch butterflies

48
Q

What is camouflage def mech, ex

A

org has similar colouration to environment , for hiding
mimic octopus, chameleon

49
Q

interspecific vs intraspecific competition

A

intra - same species (mates, food)
inter - diff species (food, space)

50
Q

interference vs exploitative competition

A

interference - org directly limits other orgs access to resouces (usually by harming indiv)
ex . lions take food from cheetahs
exploitative - org limits other org access to resource because they are better (indirect)
ex. birds and ants looking for seedsW

51
Q

what is resource partitioning and application to competition exclusion princip

A

species will take diff parts from the same habitat to avoid competition
allows species with similar or overlapping niches to coexist
ex. 2 types of barnacles on a rock

52
Q

How have humans counteracted neg impact of increasing pop (food, space, disease, defense)

A

food - gardens, greenhouses
space - build up
disease- vaccines, healthcare
defense - weapons, tanks, guns

53
Q

pos and negs of domestion of animals

A

p - protection, food, workers
n - takes up resources, possible disease

54
Q

pos and negs of agriculture

A

p - more food, govt, jobs, village living
n - rotting, pesticides, diff diet, pollution

55
Q

pos and negs of industrial rev

A

p - jobs, new materials, efficiency, transportation, low cost
n - pollution, deforestation, wage cap, bad working conditions

56
Q

What is ecological deficit

A

resources used and waste that exceed biocapacity

57
Q

What is doubling time

A

time it takes for a given pop to double in size

58
Q

What are the phases of demographic transition model

A

5
preindustrial
transitional 1
transitional 2
ind
post ind

59
Q

chars of pre ind on demo transition model (birth r, death r, growth)

A

birth r - high
lots of death
death r - high
disease
growth - stable

60
Q

chars of trans 1 on demo transition model (birth r, death r, growth)

A

birth r - high
has not realized yet
death r - falling
more food, meds, trade
growth - rapid increase

61
Q

chars of trans 2 on demo transition model (birth r, death r, growth)

A

birth r - rapid fall
higher cost of kids, women rights
death r - stable
old age
growth - increase

62
Q

chars of industrial phase on demo transition model (birth r, death r, growth)

A

birth r - low
family planning
death r - low
new meds
growth - stable high

63
Q

chars of post ind on demo transition model (birth r, death r, growth)

A

birth r - falling
death r - low, rising
growth - decrease

64
Q

What is the equation for mark and recapture sampling method?

A

num of recaptures in second catch / total num in second catch
= num of total marked indiv / total pop

65
Q

How do you calculate logistic growth rate

A

Delta N =
rmax * N *((K-N)/K)

66
Q

What is (K-N)/K

A

what fraction of carrying capacity is still available

67
Q
A

Biology 12 (6 decks)

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