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homeostatic regualtion Flashcards

1
Q

define homeostasis

use example of pos and neg feedbakc

intro

A

regulation of internal body condition
is regulated using pos and neg feedback, mainly neg

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2
Q

What is set point

inttro

A

The point around which the normal range fluctuates
ex set point of human temp is 37C

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3
Q

what is normal range

intro

A

the range of values that is optimal (healthy and stable) for a particular species
ex normal range for human temp is 36.1°C –37.2°C

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4
Q

what is caveat of setpoint and normal range

intro

A

often determined by a number of factors
sex, age, time of day, diet

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5
Q

nervous system vs endocrine system

also how do they relate

intro

A

Nercvous sys - for rabid respons
endocrine - for long term respons (with hormones
enodcrine sys is part of autonomic PNS )

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6
Q

what is target / effector cell

intro

A

Cell that responds to the regulatory signal
performs bodys response to hormone signals

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7
Q

what is hormone/types 2

what its made of, solubility, where recept

intro

A

steroid - cholesterol, insoluble in water ,bind intracellularly to cytplasm or nucleus
peptide - short peptide seq, water soluble, bind to receptor on surface of target cell

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8
Q

What is the normal progression of steps in hormone control pathway

(Endocrine,Neurohormone,Neuroendocrin)

intro

A

stimulus
gland/hypothalamus
blood vessel
target
response

add 2 steps for neuroendocrine

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9
Q

what are the diff pathways of hormone control

difine them

intro

A

endocrine - only in endo, uses gland
neurohormone - only in NS, uses hypothal
neuroendocrine - uses both, hypothal then gland

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10
Q

endocrine glands vs exocrine glands

ex

intro

A

endo - organs make hormones, delivered by blood(pancreas and insulin)
exo - organs making hormones delivered by ducts (salivary glands)

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11
Q

function of hypothalamus and pituitary gland

intro

A

hypo - has neuroecretory cells, makes hormones, not synapse
pituit post - secretes horms from hypo
pituit ant - makes and secrete horms
for diff hormonal pathways

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12
Q

locate ant and post pituitary

intro

A

anterior is closer to the phallic thing
posterior thing is farther away

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13
Q

what is neurosecretory cell

intro

A

nerve cell that makes hormone, secretes into blood
instead of neurotransmitters for synapse

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14
Q

posterior vs anterior gland

what hormons (2,6)

intro

A

post - part of nervous system, hypothal gives hormones, only secretes, does not make hormone (ADH, oxytocin)
Ant - seperate from hypothal, makes hormones (TSH, ACTH, FSH/LH, Growth H,PRL), regulated by hormones from hypothal

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15
Q

what is a tropic hormone

ex

intro

A

target other endocrine glands, not target cell
stimulate synth and release of hormones from other glands
antiorior pit - ACTH(long term stress), GH, TSH, FSH

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16
Q

what are main functions of ex sys

ex sys

A

osmoregulation
manage body water content
manage solute amount
control movt of of solutes

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17
Q

What is metabolic waste?, types

ex sys

A

by product of cell react
breakdown of protein
not feces
nitrogeneous waste (ammonia, urea, uric acid)

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18
Q

COmpare the types of nitrogenous waste

solub, toxic, synth, orgs

ex sys

A

ammonia - solub, toxic,when liver breaks down proteins, fish
urea - low toxic , combinatin of ammonia, CO2, highly sol in wat
uric acid - from nucleic acid, nontoxinc, insoluble in wat, birds

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19
Q

Why do birds and reptiles excrete urine as uric acid

ex sys

A

birds: for less weight, less water loss
reptile: keep water in hot climate, stop reabsorbtion in egg

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20
Q

What are the 5 types of bodily fluids in body

ex sys

A

total bodily water - tbw (all of it)
intercellular - icf (cells and blood vessels)
extracellular - ecf (everything but blood cells and cells)
plasma - type of ecf (fluid in blood stream)
interstitial- type of ect (liq inside body, bathing cells, )

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21
Q

anatomy of kidnay and nephron

also blood flow in each

A

kidney - renal medulla (lower), renal cortex (upper), renal pelvis, ureter

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22
Q

How does blood flow in kidney and nephron

7

ex sys

A

Nephron: renal art, afferent arteriole, cap of glom, efferent arteriole, peritub cap, vasa recta, rena lvein
Kidney: renal artery, exits by renal vein

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23
Q

what is pathway of filtrate , also purpose

9 bpldcrubu, no purp for last 4

ex sys

A

bormans cap - filtration
Proximal convoluted tub - reab, sec
Loop of Henle - reab
Distal convoluted tubule -reab, sec
Collecting duct - reab ex
Renal pelvis
Ureter
Bladder
Urethra

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24
Q

waht does glomerulus and bowmans capsule do

ex sys

A

glomerulus - ball of capilaries in bowman cap
bowmans cap - start of tubule , surrounds glomerulsu
take the filtrate from the blood (vitamins, salt, water, sugar nitrogenous waste)

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25
secretion vs excretion ## Footnote ex sys
sec - movt of subs from blood to excretory tubule, eventually excreted ex - when filtrate exits body, then called urine
26
movt of subs reabsorption vs secretion vs filtration ## Footnote ex sys
secret - when things enter tubule, leave blood, is eventually excreted reab - leave tubule, go to blood, stuff stays in body filt - glomerulus - > bowman cap, uses blood pressure,
27
anatomy and function of epithelium ## Footnote ex sys
layer of cells that regulate solute movt in intestines, kidney tubules parts apical memb - on cavity side of organ basolateral - memb facing interstitial fluid basement - memb anchors basolat and supports epit layer
28
What was permeability of Proximal tubule | purpose, 4 reab, 2 sec ## Footnote ex sys
prox tub - reab h2o(p), K(p), Nacl(A),HCO3(P) sec H(A), NH3(P) Reabsorb important minerals secreted determines pH
29
What is permeability of descending loop of henle, why ## Footnote ex sys
Only permealble to water, passive interstitial fluid is hyperosmotic decrease osmo to make solute more concentrated
30
Permeability of ascending loop of henle ## Footnote ex sys
passive then reabsorption of NaCl passive secretion of urea makes filtrate more dilute increase osmolarity of inner medulla
31
Describe permeability of distal tubes | also why ## Footnote ex sys
Reab - H2O (P)(secondary), NaCL(A), HCO3- Sec - K(A), H(A) makes Regulate pH and K, NaCl levels
32
Describe permeability of connecting duct also why ## Footnote ex sys
Reabsorb - Permeable to H2O in CortexNaCl (A) in outer medulla, urea(p),H2O (P) in inner medulla To concentrate filtrate, conservation of water contributes to hyperosmotic env - drives reab of water
33
Permeability of H2O in the 6 parts of nephron ## Footnote ex sys
bowmans cap - yes proximal tube - yes descending henle - yes, only water Ascending henle - no distal tube - yes connecting tube - yes all are reabsorbed
34
define osmoregulation | also relation to excretion and urine prod ## Footnote osmoreg
management water amt in body - blood vol/pressure management of solute concentration in bod - ph lvl control of movt of solute from int fluids to ex env - metabolic waste excretion used in nephron to control what is secreted and reabsorbed
35
What does concentrated or dilute urine imply about blood volume and osmolarity? ## Footnote osmoreg
concentrated urine means high osmolarity, low blood volume dilute means low osmolarity, high amt of fluid in blood, body wants to get rid of it
36
What are the 3 hormones in osmoreg | when are they made ## Footnote osmoreg
ADH - high osmolarity RAAS - low blood pressure/vol ANF - high blood pressure/vol
37
What does ADH do, how made, where target | how does it work, type of horm ## Footnote osmoreg
Antidiuretic hormone high osmo peptide hormone made by hypothal, stored in posterior pit G goes into blood, binds to surface of distal tub, connecting duct , attaches aquaporines to memb, allows water to be reabsorbed opposes urination, to lower osmolarity, makes you thirsty
38
What would cause increased osmolarity in body ## Footnote osmoreg
sweating, dehydration, salty foods, diahrrea
39
How is ADH part of feedback loop, what type ## Footnote osmoreg
negative, caused by high osmolarity high osmo -> signals osmorecept in hypothal -> make ADH -> become thirsty and drink / reabsorb more water - > increase water in blood - > decreases osmo
40
What does RAAS do, process ## Footnote osmoreg
Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System for low BP and vol detect by juxtaglomeruler app -> makes enz renin -> catalyzes stuff, makes angiotensin II -> contricts blood vess and cause release of aldosterone - > causes reab of sodium(increases osmolarity )
41
what is insipidus diabetes, symp, treatment ## Footnote osmoreg
deficiency in ADH symp - dilute urine, pee often, often thirsty treatement - drink more water, take ADH pills | not the same as diabetes mellitus, urine not sweet
42
What is aldosterone, purpose, effects | where release, target, what does it stim ## Footnote osmoreg
steroid hormone released in outer layer of andrenal glad above kidney target distal tube, increase NaCl,K reab, increase osmolarity also stimluates ADH - reab of water,increase blood vol/pressure
43
describe neg feedback loop of RAAS ## Footnote osmoreg
low Bpressure-> make renin->catalyze reaction, make angiotensinII -> contricts arterioles / release aldosterone(-> increase reab of salt) - > increase Bp
44
Why is RAAS needed ## Footnote osmoreg
triggered when high blood loss, when ADH would not be triggered blood loss would not increase osmolarity
45
What does ANF do | what does it inhibit ## Footnote osmoreg
atrial natriuretic factor when high blood pressure from walls of atria in heart peptide hormone inhibit renin - > stops aldosterone Inhibits NaCl reab -> decrease water reabsorbtion-> decrease blood vol/pressure
46
describe neg feedback loop of ANF ## Footnote osmoreg
high Bp-> atria release ANF-> stops reab/inhbits renin(stops aldosterone)-> increases Bp
47
define thermoregulation ## Footnote Thermoreg
regulation of internal body temp, keep within good reange ex humans can live in diff temp and have constant body temp
48
ectotherms vs endotherms ## Footnote Thermoreg
ecto - low metabolic rate, internal temp determine by env, fish, reptile endo - high metabolic rate, can keep stable body temp, mammals birds
49
advantages/disadv of endotherm ## Footnote Thermoreg
adv - can be active longer, can live in more env dis - takes more eng, needs to eat more
50
what are adaptations for thermoreg | compare ## Footnote Thermoreg
phys - fur, hair, feathers behave - huddling, relocating circulatory - counter current heat exch
51
What is counter current heat exchange ## Footnote thermoreg
arteries with warm blood are close to the colder veins happens in limbs so that the vein is warm by the time it gets to core
52
What are physiological adapt to diff temp | 4 ## Footnote thermoreg
rate of heat exch eveporative heat loss rate heat production rate metabolic heat prod
53
how is rate of heat exchange regulated | what type of thermoreg meth is it ## Footnote Thermoreg
physiological vasoconstriction, vasodilation blood vessels shrink in cold blood vessels expand in heat helps retain or lose heat
54
what is evaporative heat loss method, type ## Footnote Thermoreg
physiological for cooling sweating
55
how is rate of heat production regulated, type ## Footnote Thermoreg
physiological skeletal muscles contracts shivering
56
How is metabolic heat prod regulated, type ## Footnote Thermoreg
physiological fat structure white cells - single large lipid vacuole brown cells- many small, only in endotherms, has lots of mitochondria
57
function of white fat cells vs brown fat cells ## Footnote Thermoreg
white - storage, turn sugar into fat brown - thermogenesis , mitochondria turn sugar into atp and heat, does not need insulin to get sugar
58
What are the 2 roles of pancraes | what cells make them ## Footnote Horm gluc
exocrine cells - 99% by mass, make digestive enzymes for small intestine endocrine cells - 1% by mass, make glucagen and insulin
59
What are the types of endocrine cells, funct ## Footnote Horm gluc
found in islets of langerhans alpha- make glucagon beta - make insulin
60
what is insulins mech | stimulent, effect, result ## Footnote Horm gluc
stim; hyperglycemia - too much glucose in blood (happens after eating) ins enters blood from pancreas beta insulin binds to cell effect; exocytosis of GLUT4 to cell memb cell takes in glucose with help of GLUT4 (glucose transporter) lower blood sugar level result; stops stimulus negative feedback
61
what is glucagon stim, effect, result | what part of panc makes it ## Footnote Horm gluc
stim - low blood sugar effect - pancreas alpha release glucagon liver increase breakdown of glycogen glyc and amino acids converts to glucose res - high blood sugar decrease stim, neg feedback
62
label glucose homeostasis chart ## Footnote Horm gluc
63
symp and causes of mellitus diab | why symp ## Footnote Horm gluc
symp - hungry often, increase blood viscosity, less blood flow, sweet urine, freq urine, often thirst cause - related to insulin, body cant make or use it hungry - because cells arn't getting enough eng blood visc - more glucose in blood, makes thicker sweet urine - glucose could not be filtered out, too much
64
causes and symp of mellitus diabetes type 1 ## Footnote Horm gluc
cause - immune sys attacks insulin making cells decrease insulin levels from childhood autoimmune
65
causes and symp of mellitus diabetes type 2 ## Footnote Horm gluc
happens around 40 insulin receptors become unresponsive due to overuse from obesity
66
why is frequent urination symp of mellitus diabetes ## Footnote Horm gluc
to get rid of the extra glucose the kidneys need to work a lot, makes more urine
67
mellitus vs insipidus diabetes ## Footnote Horm gluc
mell - sweet urin, stems from insulin problem insi - dilute urine/not sweet, ADH deficiency, water is not reabsorbed enough
68
triggers of short vs long term stress ## Footnote stress
short - immidiate response, fight or flight long - long term response, can cause bad side eff, uses neuroendocrin path, cortisol
69
what are parts of adrenal gland that contribute to stress | loc, parts ## Footnote stress
releases stress hormones next to kidneys ad cortex - outer part, for long terms stress ad medulla - inner part, for short term
70
What are the steps in short term stress | name neurotrans and horm, what is inc or dec ## Footnote stress
stress - nerve cells make neurotrans acetylcholine (ACh) stims ad medulla to release epinephrine(adrenaline) and norepinephrine(noradrenaline) stims fight or flight effect: increase metabol, blood sug lvl decrease kidney, digestation , mainly increase ox and eng
71
what is long term stress path | effect, result ## Footnote stress
hypothal release corticotropin rel Horm (CRH) ant pituitary rel - ACTH Adrenal cortex - corticosteroids (Glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisol) Mineralocoritcoids (e.g. aldosterone) effect - increase glucose and ox
72
What is corticotropin releasing hormone | made where, what type, used where, eff ## Footnote Stress
CRH part of long term stress pathway first hormone of pathway. from hypothal peptide horm, tropic causes ant pit to release ACTH
73
what is adrenocorticotropic hormone | made where, what type, used where, eff ## Footnote Stress
ACTH for long term stress made in ant pituitary peptide tropic hormone stims adrenal cort to make corticosteroid
74
what are cortiosteroids | types, funct of types, purp
made in ad cortex for long term stress 2 types - glucocorticoid (cortisol) - increase gluc lvl, gets gluc from non carb source, anti inflam, suppress immune sys mineralcorticoids (aldosertone) - sims reab of salt and water by kidn, increase blood pressure, increase ox delive
75
how does stress reg affect cell resp | gluc and ox ## Footnote stress
short term stress - increases glucose breakdown from storage , increase metabolic rate, increase blood press - > increase ox to cell long terms stress - glucocortinoids make glucose and will use proteins if needed, increase oxy vol overall increases
76
What ar the parts of feedback loop
77
Example of pos feedback in human
pregnency when stim triggers pathway that increases stim.
78
ex of neg feedback
When the stim triggers pathway that decreases stim

Biology 12 (10 decks)

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