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Biology 12 > homeostatic regualtion > Flashcards

homeostatic regualtion Flashcards

1
Q

define homeostasis

use example of pos and neg feedbakc

intro

A

regulation of internal body condition
is regulated using pos and neg feedback, mainly neg

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2
Q

What is set point

inttro

A

The point around which the normal range fluctuates
ex set point of human temp is 37C

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3
Q

what is normal range

intro

A

the range of values that is optimal (healthy and stable) for a particular species
ex normal range for human temp is 36.1°C –37.2°C

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4
Q

what is caveat of setpoint and normal range

intro

A

often determined by a number of factors
sex, age, time of day, diet

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5
Q

nervous system vs endocrine system

also how do they relate

intro

A

Nercvous sys - for rabid respons
endocrine - for long term respons (with hormones
enodcrine sys is part of autonomic PNS )

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6
Q

what is target / effector cell

intro

A

Cell that responds to the regulatory signal
performs bodys response to hormone signals

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7
Q

what is hormone/types 2

what its made of, solubility, where recept

intro

A

steroid - cholesterol, insoluble in water ,bind intracellularly to cytplasm or nucleus
peptide - short peptide seq, water soluble, bind to receptor on surface of target cell

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8
Q

What is the normal progression of steps in hormone control pathway

(Endocrine,Neurohormone,Neuroendocrin)

intro

A

stimulus
gland/hypothalamus
blood vessel
target
response

add 2 steps for neuroendocrine

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9
Q

what are the diff pathways of hormone control

difine them

intro

A

endocrine - only in endo, uses gland
neurohormone - only in NS, uses hypothal
neuroendocrine - uses both, hypothal then gland

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10
Q

endocrine glands vs exocrine glands

ex

intro

A

endo - organs make hormones, delivered by blood(pancreas and insulin)
exo - organs making hormones delivered by ducts (salivary glands)

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11
Q

function of hypothalamus and pituitary gland

intro

A

hypo - has neuroecretory cells, makes hormones, not synapse
pituit post - secretes horms from hypo
pituit ant - makes and secrete horms
for diff hormonal pathways

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12
Q

locate ant and post pituitary

intro

A

anterior is closer to the phallic thing
posterior thing is farther away

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13
Q

what is neurosecretory cell

intro

A

nerve cell that makes hormone, secretes into blood
instead of neurotransmitters for synapse

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14
Q

posterior vs anterior gland

what hormons (2,6)

intro

A

post - part of nervous system, hypothal gives hormones, only secretes, does not make hormone (ADH, oxytocin)
Ant - seperate from hypothal, makes hormones (TSH, ACTH, FSH/LH, Growth H,PRL), regulated by hormones from hypothal

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15
Q

what is a tropic hormone

ex

intro

A

target other endocrine glands, not target cell
stimulate synth and release of hormones from other glands
antiorior pit - ACTH(long term stress), GH, TSH, FSH

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16
Q

what are main functions of ex sys

ex sys

A

osmoregulation
manage body water content
manage solute amount
control movt of of solutes

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17
Q

What is metabolic waste?, types

ex sys

A

by product of cell react
breakdown of protein
not feces
nitrogeneous waste (ammonia, urea, uric acid)

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18
Q

COmpare the types of nitrogenous waste

solub, toxic, synth, orgs

ex sys

A

ammonia - solub, toxic,when liver breaks down proteins, fish
urea - low toxic , combinatin of ammonia, CO2, highly sol in wat
uric acid - from nucleic acid, nontoxinc, insoluble in wat, birds

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19
Q

Why do birds and reptiles excrete urine as uric acid

ex sys

A

birds: for less weight, less water loss
reptile: keep water in hot climate, stop reabsorbtion in egg

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20
Q

What are the 5 types of bodily fluids in body

ex sys

A

total bodily water - tbw (all of it)
intercellular - icf (cells and blood vessels)
extracellular - ecf (everything but blood cells and cells)
plasma - type of ecf (fluid in blood stream)
interstitial- type of ect (liq inside body, bathing cells, )

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21
Q

anatomy of kidnay and nephron

also blood flow in each

A

kidney - renal medulla (lower), renal cortex (upper), renal pelvis, ureter

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22
Q

How does blood flow in kidney and nephron

7

ex sys

A

Nephron: renal art, afferent arteriole, cap of glom, efferent arteriole, peritub cap, vasa recta, rena lvein
Kidney: renal artery, exits by renal vein

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23
Q

what is pathway of filtrate , also purpose

9 bpldcrubu, no purp for last 4

ex sys

A

bormans cap - filtration
Proximal convoluted tub - reab, sec
Loop of Henle - reab
Distal convoluted tubule -reab, sec
Collecting duct - reab ex
Renal pelvis
Ureter
Bladder
Urethra

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24
Q

waht does glomerulus and bowmans capsule do

ex sys

A

glomerulus - ball of capilaries in bowman cap
bowmans cap - start of tubule , surrounds glomerulsu
take the filtrate from the blood (vitamins, salt, water, sugar nitrogenous waste)

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25
Q

secretion vs excretion

ex sys

A

sec - movt of subs from blood to excretory tubule, eventually excreted
ex - when filtrate exits body, then called urine

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26
Q

movt of subs reabsorption vs secretion vs filtration

ex sys

A

secret - when things enter tubule, leave blood, is eventually excreted
reab - leave tubule, go to blood, stuff stays in body
filt - glomerulus - > bowman cap, uses blood pressure,

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27
Q

anatomy and function of epithelium

ex sys

A

layer of cells that regulate solute movt
in intestines, kidney tubules
parts
apical memb - on cavity side of organ
basolateral - memb facing interstitial fluid
basement - memb anchors basolat and supports epit layer

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28
Q

What was permeability of Proximal tubule

purpose, 4 reab, 2 sec

ex sys

A

prox tub - reab h2o(p), K(p), Nacl(A),HCO3(P)
sec H(A), NH3(P)
Reabsorb important minerals
secreted determines pH

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29
Q

What is permeability of descending loop of henle, why

ex sys

A

Only permealble to water, passive
interstitial fluid is hyperosmotic
decrease osmo
to make solute more concentrated

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30
Q

Permeability of ascending loop of henle

ex sys

A

passive then reabsorption of NaCl
passive secretion of urea
makes filtrate more dilute
increase osmolarity of inner medulla

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31
Q

Describe permeability of distal tubes

also why

ex sys

A

Reab - H2O (P)(secondary), NaCL(A), HCO3-
Sec - K(A), H(A)
makes
Regulate pH and K, NaCl levels

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32
Q

Describe permeability of connecting duct also why

ex sys

A

Reabsorb - Permeable to H2O in CortexNaCl (A) in outer medulla, urea(p),H2O (P) in inner medulla
To concentrate filtrate, conservation of water
contributes to hyperosmotic env - drives reab of water

33
Q

Permeability of H2O in the 6 parts of nephron

ex sys

A

bowmans cap - yes
proximal tube - yes
descending henle - yes, only water
Ascending henle - no
distal tube - yes
connecting tube - yes
all are reabsorbed

34
Q

define osmoregulation

also relation to excretion and urine prod

osmoreg

A

management water amt in body - blood vol/pressure
management of solute concentration in bod - ph lvl
control of movt of solute from int fluids to ex env - metabolic waste excretion
used in nephron to control what is secreted and reabsorbed

35
Q

What does concentrated or dilute urine imply about blood volume and osmolarity?

osmoreg

A

concentrated urine means high osmolarity, low blood volume
dilute means low osmolarity, high amt of fluid in blood, body wants to get rid of it

36
Q

What are the 3 hormones in osmoreg

when are they made

osmoreg

A

ADH - high osmolarity
RAAS - low blood pressure/vol
ANF - high blood pressure/vol

37
Q

What does ADH do, how made, where target

how does it work, type of horm

osmoreg

A

Antidiuretic hormone
high osmo
peptide hormone
made by hypothal, stored in posterior pit G
goes into blood, binds to surface of distal tub, connecting duct , attaches aquaporines to memb, allows water to be reabsorbed
opposes urination, to lower osmolarity, makes you thirsty

38
Q

What would cause increased osmolarity in body

osmoreg

A

sweating, dehydration, salty foods, diahrrea

39
Q

How is ADH part of feedback loop, what type

osmoreg

A

negative, caused by high osmolarity
high osmo -> signals osmorecept in hypothal -> make ADH -> become thirsty and drink / reabsorb more water - > increase water in blood - > decreases osmo

40
Q

What does RAAS do, process

osmoreg

A

Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System
for low BP and vol
detect by juxtaglomeruler app -> makes enz renin -> catalyzes stuff, makes angiotensin II -> contricts blood vess and cause release of aldosterone - > causes reab of sodium(increases osmolarity )

41
Q

what is insipidus diabetes, symp, treatment

osmoreg

A

deficiency in ADH
symp - dilute urine, pee often, often thirsty
treatement - drink more water, take ADH pills

not the same as diabetes mellitus, urine not sweet

42
Q

What is aldosterone, purpose, effects

where release, target, what does it stim

osmoreg

A

steroid hormone
released in outer layer of andrenal glad above kidney
target distal tube, increase NaCl,K reab, increase osmolarity
also stimluates ADH - reab of water,increase blood vol/pressure

43
Q

describe neg feedback loop of RAAS

osmoreg

A

low Bpressure-> make renin->catalyze reaction, make angiotensinII -> contricts arterioles / release aldosterone(-> increase reab of salt) - > increase Bp

44
Q

Why is RAAS needed

osmoreg

A

triggered when high blood loss, when ADH would not be triggered
blood loss would not increase osmolarity

45
Q

What does ANF do

what does it inhibit

osmoreg

A

atrial natriuretic factor
when high blood pressure
from walls of atria in heart
peptide hormone
inhibit renin - > stops aldosterone
Inhibits NaCl reab -> decrease water reabsorbtion-> decrease blood vol/pressure

46
Q

describe neg feedback loop of ANF

osmoreg

A

high Bp-> atria release ANF-> stops reab/inhbits renin(stops aldosterone)-> increases Bp

47
Q

define thermoregulation

Thermoreg

A

regulation of internal body temp, keep within good reange
ex humans can live in diff temp and have constant body temp

48
Q

ectotherms vs endotherms

Thermoreg

A

ecto - low metabolic rate, internal temp determine by env, fish, reptile
endo - high metabolic rate, can keep stable body temp, mammals birds

49
Q

advantages/disadv of endotherm

Thermoreg

A

adv - can be active longer, can live in more env
dis - takes more eng, needs to eat more

50
Q

what are adaptations for thermoreg

compare

Thermoreg

A

phys - fur, hair, feathers
behave - huddling, relocating
circulatory - counter current heat exch

51
Q

What is counter current heat exchange

thermoreg

A

arteries with warm blood are close to the colder veins
happens in limbs so that the vein is warm by the time it gets to core

52
Q

What are physiological adapt to diff temp

4

thermoreg

A

rate of heat exch
eveporative heat loss
rate heat production
rate metabolic heat prod

53
Q

how is rate of heat exchange regulated

what type of thermoreg meth is it

Thermoreg

A

physiological
vasoconstriction, vasodilation
blood vessels shrink in cold
blood vessels expand in heat
helps retain or lose heat

54
Q

what is evaporative heat loss method, type

Thermoreg

A

physiological
for cooling
sweating

55
Q

how is rate of heat production regulated, type

Thermoreg

A

physiological
skeletal muscles contracts
shivering

56
Q

How is metabolic heat prod regulated, type

Thermoreg

A

physiological
fat structure
white cells - single large lipid vacuole
brown cells- many small, only in endotherms, has lots of mitochondria

57
Q

function of white fat cells vs brown fat cells

Thermoreg

A

white - storage, turn sugar into fat
brown - thermogenesis , mitochondria turn sugar into atp and heat, does not need insulin to get sugar

58
Q

What are the 2 roles of pancraes

what cells make them

Horm gluc

A

exocrine cells - 99% by mass, make digestive enzymes for small intestine
endocrine cells - 1% by mass, make glucagen and insulin

59
Q

What are the types of endocrine cells, funct

Horm gluc

A

found in islets of langerhans
alpha- make glucagon
beta - make insulin

60
Q

what is insulins mech

stimulent, effect, result

Horm gluc

A

stim; hyperglycemia - too much glucose in blood (happens after eating)
ins enters blood from pancreas beta
insulin binds to cell
effect; exocytosis of GLUT4 to cell memb
cell takes in glucose with help of GLUT4 (glucose transporter)
lower blood sugar level
result; stops stimulus
negative feedback

61
Q

what is glucagon stim, effect, result

what part of panc makes it

Horm gluc

A

stim - low blood sugar
effect - pancreas alpha release glucagon
liver increase breakdown of glycogen
glyc and amino acids converts to glucose
res - high blood sugar
decrease stim, neg feedback

62
Q

label glucose homeostasis chart

Horm gluc

A
63
Q

symp and causes of mellitus diab

why symp

Horm gluc

A

symp - hungry often, increase blood viscosity, less blood flow, sweet urine, freq urine, often thirst
cause - related to insulin, body cant make or use it
hungry - because cells arn’t getting enough eng
blood visc - more glucose in blood, makes thicker
sweet urine - glucose could not be filtered out, too much

64
Q

causes and symp of mellitus diabetes type 1

Horm gluc

A

cause - immune sys attacks insulin making cells
decrease insulin levels
from childhood
autoimmune

65
Q

causes and symp of mellitus diabetes type 2

Horm gluc

A

happens around 40
insulin receptors become unresponsive due to overuse
from obesity

66
Q

why is frequent urination symp of mellitus diabetes

Horm gluc

A

to get rid of the extra glucose the kidneys need to work a lot, makes more urine

67
Q

mellitus vs insipidus diabetes

Horm gluc

A

mell - sweet urin, stems from insulin problem
insi - dilute urine/not sweet, ADH deficiency, water is not reabsorbed enough

68
Q

triggers of short vs long term stress

stress

A

short - immidiate response, fight or flight
long - long term response, can cause bad side eff, uses neuroendocrin path, cortisol

69
Q

what are parts of adrenal gland that contribute to stress

loc, parts

stress

A

releases stress hormones
next to kidneys
ad cortex - outer part, for long terms stress
ad medulla - inner part, for short term

70
Q

What are the steps in short term stress

name neurotrans and horm, what is inc or dec

stress

A

stress - nerve cells make neurotrans acetylcholine (ACh)
stims ad medulla to release epinephrine(adrenaline) and norepinephrine(noradrenaline)
stims fight or flight
effect: increase metabol, blood sug lvl
decrease kidney, digestation , mainly increase ox and eng

71
Q

what is long term stress path

effect, result

stress

A

hypothal release corticotropin rel Horm (CRH)
ant pituitary rel - ACTH
Adrenal cortex - corticosteroids (Glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisol) Mineralocoritcoids (e.g. aldosterone)
effect - increase glucose and ox

72
Q

What is corticotropin releasing hormone

made where, what type, used where, eff

Stress

A

CRH
part of long term stress pathway
first hormone of pathway. from hypothal
peptide horm, tropic
causes ant pit to release ACTH

73
Q

what is adrenocorticotropic hormone

made where, what type, used where, eff

Stress

A

ACTH
for long term stress
made in ant pituitary
peptide tropic hormone
stims adrenal cort to make corticosteroid

74
Q

what are cortiosteroids

types, funct of types, purp

A

made in ad cortex
for long term stress
2 types - glucocorticoid (cortisol) - increase gluc lvl, gets gluc from non carb source, anti inflam, suppress immune sys
mineralcorticoids (aldosertone) - sims reab of salt and water by kidn, increase blood pressure, increase ox delive

75
Q

how does stress reg affect cell resp

gluc and ox

stress

A

short term stress - increases glucose breakdown from storage , increase metabolic rate, increase blood press - > increase ox to cell
long terms stress - glucocortinoids make glucose and will use proteins if needed, increase oxy vol
overall increases

76
Q

What ar the parts of feedback loop

A
77
Q

Example of pos feedback in human

A

pregnency

when stim triggers pathway that increases stim.

78
Q

ex of neg feedback

A

When the stim triggers pathway that decreases stim

Biology 12 (10 decks)

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