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Biology 12 > Macromolecules > Flashcards

Macromolecules Flashcards

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1
Q

what are singular units of macromolecule called

A

monomar

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2
Q

What do 2 or more monomers make

A

polymer

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3
Q

What is metabolism

A

sum of all reactions that take place in cell

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4
Q

what is anabolism

A

reactions that build macromolecules

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5
Q

What is catabolism

A

reactions that break macromolecules

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6
Q

what is hydrolysis

A

The addition of water to break a bond
one side gets H
other gets OH

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7
Q

what happens in a dehydration reaciton

A

What is taken out of 2 monomers or a polymer and a monomer
Forms a new bond between the molecules
dehydration synthesis aka condenstation

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8
Q

WHere are hydrogen bonds found in nucleic acid

A

WHen the base pairs link
A - T
G-C
They are bonded with hydrogen bonding

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9
Q

Where are hydrogen bonds found in proteins

A

When the polypeptides form the secondary structure
The form hydrogen bonds with close by polypeptides
(alpha helix or beta sheet)
Also tertiary structure between polar R group

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10
Q

Where are hydrogen bonds in carbohydrates

A

In cellulose,
called crosslinks
parallel polysaccharides
OH connected to 4th and 6th carbon in parallel
microfibrils - 80 cellulose polymers held tgt by cross links

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11
Q

Describe Carbohydrates (monomer, polymer, linkage,)

A

monosaccharide
polysaccharide
glycosidic lingage

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12
Q

Describe protein (monomer, polymer, linkage,)

A

amino acid
polypeptide
peptide bond

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13
Q

Describe lipids (monomer, polymer, linkage,)

A

made from carbons and hydrogens
triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes, and steroids
ester bond

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14
Q

What are the types of lipids (5)

A

Fat
steroids
carotenoids
phospholipids
wax

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15
Q

functions of lipids (4)

A

Long term energy storage
insulation
structural component of cell
chemical messenger (hormones )

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16
Q

Describe nucleic acid (monomer, polymer, linkage,)

A

nucleotides
DNA or RNA
phosphodiesterase bond (phospho, sugar )
hydrogen bond (base, base )
N glycosidic bond (base, sugar )

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17
Q

What are pyrimidines

A

one 6 sugar
uracil, THymine - 2 HBONd
Cytosine - 3 HBond

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18
Q

Nucleotide vs nucleoside

A

nucleotide - hydrogen baze+ pentose sugar +1-3 phosphate
nucleoside - nitrogen base + pentose sugar

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19
Q

What are purines

A

HAve 5 and 6 sugar
2 rings
Adenine - 2 Hbond
Guanine - 3 Hbond

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20
Q

What does the Benedicts test test for (macromolecule, pos colour, neg colour)

A

reducing sugar
neg Blue
Pos orange

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21
Q

What does Bieuret test test for (macromolecule, pos colour, neg colour)

A

proteins
neg blue
Pos purple

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22
Q

What does iodine test test for (macromolecule, pos colour, neg colour)

A

Carbs
Neg yellow orange
pos black

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23
Q

What does sudan IV test for (macromolecule, pos colour, neg colour)

A

lipids
neg slightly red
Pos red

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24
Q

How do you classify monosaccarides

A

Carbonyl group
Aldehyde - aldose
ketone - ketose
Length
Triose - 3c
Pentose - 5c
Hexose - 6c

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25
Q

Alpha vs beta orientation carb ring structre

A

Alpha means OH on anomeric carbon is down
Beta means OH on anomeric carbon is up
relative to CH2OH

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26
Q

Reducing sugar vs non reducing sugar

A

Reducing - at least one anomeric carbon has OH on
non reducing - no anomeric carbon has OH on it
all monosaccharides are reducing sugars

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27
Q

What 2 functional groups are part of cyclizing of carb

A

The hydroxyl group of second last carbon and Ketone/aldehyde

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28
Q

What are the 4 hexose sugars

and their diffs

A

Glucose - down up down
galactose - down up up
mannose - up up down
fructose - up down down

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29
Q

Glucose + glucose

A

Maltose

30
Q

Glucose + galactose

A

Lactose

31
Q

Glucose +fructose

A

sucrose

32
Q

What are the functions of the diff forms of carb

3

A

Fuel - monosaccharides and disaccharides
Storage - polysaccharides: starch, glycogen
structural support - polysaccharides: chitin, cellulose

33
Q

Starch (function, location, branching)

A

storage for glucose
found in plants - chloroplasts
some branching

34
Q

glycogen (function, location, branching)

branch location

A

storage for glucose
found in animal - liver, muscles
lots of branching - aasy access for enzymemakes it break down easy
at alpha -1, 4 for normal
at alpha 1 - 6 for branching

35
Q

Cellulose (function, location, branching)

A

structural support
found in plants - cell wall
no branching - every other glucose is upside down (isnt always drawn like that)
All of them are beta (beta -1,4)

36
Q

Chitin (function, location, branching) diff from cellulose how?

A

structural supprt
found in insects, fungi
for exoskeleton
- Has Nitrogen appendage at 5 carbon
also has all beta
beta 1, 4 linkage

37
Q

What are the functions of protein (7) ssthrcde cehinaad

A

structural - collagen
storage - egg white
transport - hemoglobin
hormonal - insulin
receptor - nerve cell
contractile - actin, myosin
defensive- antibodies
enzymic - digestive enzymes

38
Q

Four major parts of amino acid

A

amino group
carboxyl group
hydrogn
R group

39
Q

What does amphiprotic mean

A

has both acidic and basic parts in it
ex amino acid

40
Q

how do side chains affect polarity/acidity of amino acid

A

Polar - R group has OH, dbl bonded O, SH at end
Non polar - has just CH, ring, covered S
Acidic - carboxylic acid. neg charge
Basic - amino group, pos charge

41
Q

What is the primary structure of protein (ex of importance)

A

unique sequence of Amino acids
sequence determined by dna
determines function
ex sickle cell anemia

42
Q

what is the secondary structure of protein

A

Alpha helix
beta pleated sheet
not found in all proteins

43
Q

alpha helix va beta pleated sheet

A

Alpha - helix, coiled shape ex keretin
Beta pleated sheet - 2 or more polypeptide chains are parallel ex spider silk

44
Q

what is tertiary structure of protein

A

where it takes on 3d shape
the interaction between the R groups
where function is first seen

45
Q

What are the bonds formed in tertiary structure

A

polar R groups - HBond, dipdip, iondip
nonPolar R group - hydrophobic interaction
charged R group - ion bond
2 cysteines - Disulfide bond (polar covalent bond between sulfurs )

46
Q

what is quaternary structure of protein

A

not all proteins have it
involves 2 or more polypeptides (subunits )
function is evident
ex fibrous and globular shape

47
Q

fibrous vs globular shape protein

A

quaternary structure
fibrous- water insoluble, like rope, ex callogen
globular - water soluble, ball shape ex hemoglobin

48
Q

What are the main parts of triglyceride

A

gycerol and 3 fatty acids

49
Q

saturated vs unsaturated fats

qualities and ex

A

saturated - single bonds, solids at rm temp, from animals ex butter, lard
unsaturated - dbl bonds, liquid at rm temp, from plants ex olive oil

50
Q

what are the parts of phospholipids

A

glycerol backbone
2 fatty acids - hydrophobic
phosphate/polar group head - hydrophillic

51
Q

amphipathic meaning

A

has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties

52
Q

what is micelle

A

phospholipids make in water/polar thing
spontaneously aggregate from hydrophobic interactions
- single layer of phospholipids with head facing out, hydrophobic region on inside

53
Q

steroid structure

A

3 6C rings
1 5C ring
ex cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen
counting starts on top of A (farthest from 5C)

54
Q

Wax structure and properties

A

Long hydrocarbon chain
can also have aldehyde, ketone, alcohol, ester (wax ester)
soft solid
very nonpolar
has plastic properties

55
Q

thermoplastic meaning and ex

A

Wax is a thermoplastic
turns liquid when heated, cools into glassy state

56
Q

types of wax and ex

A

Natural animal- beeswax
natural plant -soy
mineral- paraffin
synthetic - polypropylene

57
Q

carotenoid structure and property

A

very fat soluble
40C chain with cyclic end group
alternating single and dbl bond

58
Q

Importance of carotenoid in plants and animals

A

plants - algae, important in photosynthesis
animals - retinol, pigment that absorbs light
also serves as antioxident

59
Q

what is common to all lipids

A

they are all non polar,
not water soluble to some degree

60
Q

How do saturation and length affect fluidity of lilpid

A

if unsaturated - more fluid due to kinks, harder to form solid structure
shorter - more fluid, have less surface area, harder to solidify

61
Q

3 parts that make up nucleotide

A

phosphate group
base
sugar (Ribose, deoxyribose)

62
Q

What are the 2 types of pentose sugars for nucleic acid

A

ribose - 2 prime carbon has a hydroxyl group
deoxyribose-2 prime carbon does not have hydroxyl group

63
Q

What are the 5 bases (give ID)

A

Purines - 2 rings
Adenine (no dblB O), Guanine
Pyrimidines 1 ring
Thymine (extra branch than U), cytosine (n going up), uracil

64
Q

Which bases have 2 bond

A

Adenine, thymine, uracil

65
Q

Which bases have 3 bonds

A

guanine, cytosine

66
Q

What is nucleoside vs nucleotide

A

nucleotide - base, sugar, phosphate
nucleoside - base, sugar

67
Q

What are the ribose base name

A

Adenosine
Guanosine
Cytoside
Thymidine
uridine

68
Q

What do each carbons do in nucleic acid sugar

A

5’ connects to phosphate group
4’ used in cyclizing
3’ connected to lower phosphate
2’ identifies ribose or not
1’ connects to base

69
Q

In what direction does nucleic acid grow in?
what does other side do

A

5’ to 3’
downwards
other side is anti parallel
goes upwards

70
Q

How does ladder analogy apply to DNA

A

Phosphate sugar backbone
Bases are like the rungs on the ladder

Biology 12 (8 decks)

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