Macromolecules Flashcards
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what are singular units of macromolecule called
monomar
What do 2 or more monomers make
polymer
What is metabolism
sum of all reactions that take place in cell
what is anabolism
reactions that build macromolecules
What is catabolism
reactions that break macromolecules
what is hydrolysis
The addition of water to break a bond
one side gets H
other gets OH
what happens in a dehydration reaciton
2H and O is lost from 2 molecules
Forms a new bond between the molecules
dehydration synthesis aka condenstation
WHere are hydrogen bonds found in nucleic acid
WHen the base pairs link
A - T
G-C
They are bonded with hydrogen bonding
Where are hydrogen bonds found in proteins
When the polypeptides form the secondary structure
The form hydrogen bonds with close by polypeptides
(alpha helix or beta sheet)
Also tertiary structure between polar R group
Where are hydrogen bonds in carbohydrates
In cellulose,
called crosslinks
parallel polysaccharides
OH connected to 4th and 6th carbon in parallel
microfibrils - 80 cellulose polymers held tgt by cross links
Describe Carbohydrates (monomer, polymer, linkage,)
monosaccharide
polysaccharide
glycosidic lingage
Describe protein (monomer, polymer, linkage,)
amino acid
polypeptide
peptide bond
Describe lipids (monomer, polymer, linkage,)
made from carbons and hydrogens
triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes, and steroids
ester bond
What are the types of lipids (5)
Fat
steroids
carotenoids
phospholipids
wax
functions of lipids (4)
Long term energy storage
insulation
structural component of cell
chemical messenger (hormones )
Describe nucleic acid (monomer, polymer, linkage,)
nucleotides
DNA or RNA
phosphodiesterase bond (phospho, sugar )
hydrogen bond (base, base )
N glycosidic bond (base, sugar )
What are pyrimidines
one 6 sugar
uracil, THymine - 2 HBONd
Cytosine - 3 HBond
Nucleotide vs nucleoside
nucleotide - nitrogen base+ pentose sugar +1-3 phosphate
nucleoside - nitrogen base + pentose sugar
What are purines
HAve 5 and 6 sugar
2 rings
Adenine - 2 Hbond
Guanine - 3 Hbond
What does the Benedicts test test for (macromolecule, pos colour, neg colour)
reducing sugar
neg Blue
Pos orange
What does Bieuret test test for (macromolecule, pos colour, neg colour)
proteins
neg blue
Pos purple
What does iodine test test for (macromolecule, pos colour, neg colour)
Carbs
Neg yellow orange
pos black
What does sudan IV test for (macromolecule, pos colour, neg colour)
lipids
neg slightly red
Pos red
How do you classify monosaccarides
Carbonyl group
Aldehyde - aldose
ketone - ketose
Length
Triose - 3c
Pentose - 5c
Hexose - 6c
Alpha vs beta orientation carb ring structre
Alpha means OH on anomeric carbon is down
Beta means OH on anomeric carbon is up
relative to CH2OH
Reducing sugar vs non reducing sugar
Reducing - at least one anomeric carbon has OH on
non reducing - no anomeric carbon has OH on it
all monosaccharides are reducing sugars
What 2 functional groups are part of cyclizing of carb
The hydroxyl group of second last carbon and Ketone/aldehyde
What are the 4 hexose sugars
and their diffs
Glucose - down up down
galactose - down up up
mannose - up up down
fructose - up down down
Glucose + glucose
Maltose
Glucose + galactose
Lactose
Glucose +fructose
sucrose
What are the functions of the diff forms of carb
3
Fuel - monosaccharides and disaccharides
Storage - polysaccharides: starch, glycogen
structural support - polysaccharides: chitin, cellulose
Starch (function, location, branching)
storage for glucose
found in plants - chloroplasts
some branching
glycogen (function, location, branching)
branch location
storage for glucose
found in animal - liver, muscles
lots of branching - aasy access for enzymemakes it break down easy
at alpha -1, 4 for normal
at alpha 1 - 6 for branching
Cellulose (function, location, branching)
structural support
found in plants - cell wall
no branching - every other glucose is upside down (isnt always drawn like that)
All of them are beta (beta -1,4)
Chitin (function, location, branching) diff from cellulose how?
structural supprt
found in insects, fungi
for exoskeleton
- Has Nitrogen appendage at 5 carbon
also has all beta
beta 1, 4 linkage
What are the functions of protein (7) ssthrcde cehinaad
structural - collagen
storage - egg white
transport - hemoglobin
hormonal - insulin
receptor - nerve cell
contractile - actin, myosin
defensive- antibodies
enzymic - digestive enzymes
Four major parts of amino acid
amino group
carboxyl group
hydrogn
R group
What does amphiprotic mean
has both acidic and basic parts in it
ex amino acid
how do side chains affect polarity/acidity of amino acid
Polar - R group has OH, dbl bonded O, SH at end
Non polar - has just CH, ring, covered S
Acidic - carboxylic acid. neg charge
Basic - amino group, pos charge
What is the primary structure of protein (ex of importance)
unique sequence of Amino acids
sequence determined by dna
determines function
ex sickle cell anemia
what is the secondary structure of protein
Alpha helix
beta pleated sheet
not found in all proteins
alpha helix va beta pleated sheet
Alpha - helix, coiled shape ex keretin
Beta pleated sheet - 2 or more polypeptide chains are parallel ex spider silk
what is tertiary structure of protein
where it takes on 3d shape
the interaction between the R groups
where function is first seen
What are the bonds formed in tertiary structure
polar R groups - HBond, dipdip, iondip
nonPolar R group - hydrophobic interaction
charged R group - ion bond
2 cysteines - Disulfide bond (polar covalent bond between sulfurs )
what is quaternary structure of protein
not all proteins have it
involves 2 or more polypeptides (subunits )
function is evident
ex fibrous and globular shape
fibrous vs globular shape protein
quaternary structure
fibrous- water insoluble, like rope, ex callogen
globular - water soluble, ball shape ex hemoglobin
What are the main parts of triglyceride
gycerol and 3 fatty acids
saturated vs unsaturated fats
qualities and ex
saturated - single bonds, solids at rm temp, from animals ex butter, lard
unsaturated - dbl bonds, liquid at rm temp, from plants ex olive oil
what are the parts of phospholipids
glycerol backbone
2 fatty acids - hydrophobic
phosphate/polar group head - hydrophillic
amphipathic meaning
has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties
what is micelle
phospholipids make in water/polar thing
spontaneously aggregate from hydrophobic interactions
- single layer of phospholipids with head facing out, hydrophobic region on inside
steroid structure
3 6C rings
1 5C ring
ex cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen
counting starts on top of A (farthest from 5C)
Wax structure and properties
Long hydrocarbon chain
can also have aldehyde, ketone, alcohol, ester (wax ester)
soft solid
very nonpolar
has plastic properties
thermoplastic meaning and ex
Wax is a thermoplastic
turns liquid when heated, cools into glassy state
types of wax and ex
Natural animal- beeswax
natural plant -soy
mineral- paraffin
synthetic - polypropylene
carotenoid structure and property
very fat soluble
40C chain with cyclic end group
alternating single and dbl bond
Importance of carotenoid in plants and animals
plants - algae, important in photosynthesis
animals - retinol, pigment that absorbs light
also serves as antioxident
what is common to all lipids
they are all non polar,
not water soluble to some degree
How do saturation and length affect fluidity of lilpid
if unsaturated - more fluid due to kinks, harder to form solid structure
shorter - more fluid, have less surface area, harder to solidify
3 parts that make up nucleotide
phosphate group
base
sugar (Ribose, deoxyribose)
What are the 2 types of pentose sugars for nucleic acid
ribose - 2 prime carbon has a hydroxyl group
deoxyribose-2 prime carbon does not have hydroxyl group
What are the 5 bases (give ID)
Purines - 2 rings
Adenine (no dblB O), Guanine
Pyrimidines 1 ring
Thymine (extra branch than U), cytosine (n going up), uracil
Which bases have 2 bond
Adenine, thymine, uracil
Which bases have 3 bonds
guanine, cytosine
What is nucleoside vs nucleotide
nucleotide - base, sugar, phosphate
nucleoside - base, sugar
What are the ribose base name
Adenosine
Guanosine
Cytoside
Thymidine
uridine
What do each carbons do in nucleic acid sugar
5’ connects to phosphate group
4’ used in cyclizing
3’ connected to lower phosphate
2’ identifies ribose or not
1’ connects to base
In what direction does nucleic acid grow in?
what does other side do
5’ to 3’
downwards
other side is anti parallel
goes upwards
How does ladder analogy apply to DNA
Phosphate sugar backbone
Bases are like the rungs on the ladder
