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Biology 12 > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

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1
Q

overall functions of the NS

NS

A

to transmit info rapidly
to gather input and respond accordingly

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2
Q

3 main functions of the 5 main parts of the nervous system

NS

A

Sensory input - sensory receptor, sensory neurons
integration - CNS including interneurons
motor output - efferent/motor neurons, effector cells (muscle cells)

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3
Q

describe sensory input, integration, motoar output

NS

A

input - detection of stimulus
integration - processing in brain
output - response in another bodypart

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4
Q

CNS vs PNS

NS

A

CNS - Brain, spinal cord
PNS - efferent, afferent neurons, all other neurons not in CNS

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5
Q

what are the subdivisions of the PNS

NS

A

Sensory division - sensing external, sensing internal
Motor division -autonomic (parasympahteic, sympathetic) , somatic

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6
Q

Atonomic vs somatic in PNS

NS

A

Autonomic - involulntary reactions,signals to smooth msucle, cardiac muscle
somatic - voluntary reactions, signals go to skeletal muscle

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7
Q

sympathetic vs parasympathetic

NS

A

symp - arousal and eng gen, increase stress response, inhibit digest
parasymp - calming, decrease heart, stimulate digestive

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8
Q

types of senses

A

external: somatic(skin, muscle, joints), special(vision, hearing, equilibrium)
internal: visceral(fullness of stomach, blood pressure)

NS

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9
Q

Types of sensory receptors by location

NS

A

Exteroreceptors - detect stimuli from outside
interoreceptors - detect stimuli from inside body (viscerla senses)

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10
Q

Types of sensory receptors by stimulus

5

NS

A

mechanoreceptor - pressure (in skin, stomach, bladder)
photo - light (eyes)
chemoreceptor - chemcials (nose, mout, brain, arteries)
thermo- temp(skin, organs)
nociceptor - pain (skin, organs, glands, vessels)

NS

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11
Q
A
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12
Q

what are the 5 components of neuron also funct

A

dendrites - gets input from other neurons
cell body - does metabolism, protein syth
axon hillock - where action potential starts
axon-sends info
synaptic terminal - contains/releases neurotransl

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13
Q

WHat is neuron

describe

NS

A

Structural and functional unit of nervous system
are excitable - can make large changes in membrane pot(electrical signals)
do not do cell division when mature
nerve cell = neuron

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14
Q

What are the types of neyrons

NS

A

sensory
interneuron(CNS)
motor neurons(stereotypical neuron)

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15
Q

What do sensory neurons do

NS

A

Afferent neurons
carries signals from sense recept to CNS

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16
Q

What do interneurons do

NS

A

association neurons
get signals from sensory neurons
deliver signals to outgoing neurons
can be excitatory or inhibitory

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17
Q

What do motor neurons do

NS

A

efferent neurons
carries signals out of CNS to effetor cells

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18
Q

What are supporting cells/ glial cells

3 types

A

90% of cells in nervous system
structural and metabolic support
astrocytes(CNS)
oligodendrocytes(CNS)
schwann cells (PNS)

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19
Q

What is blood brain barrier

and astrocyte use

NS

A

blood vessels completly sealed off by astrocytes- no electrical conduction
stop things from contaminating brain
uses active transport proteins instea of hole

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20
Q

Wha do schwann cells and oligodendrocytes do

A

wrap around axon
provide insulation for electrical impulses
layer cllaed myelin sheath
schwann is PNS
oligodendrocyte is CNS

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21
Q

Purpose of myelin sheath

NS

A

provide electricla insulation
makes impulse travel faster
like insulation around wires
has nodes of ranvier

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22
Q

Types of nerve ciruits

NS

A

Divergent
convergent
circular

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23
Q

describe divergent nerve circuit

NS

A

nerve impulse in one presynaptic neuron

nerve impulses in several prostsynaptic neurons
ex photoreceptors to many parts of brain

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24
Q

Describe convergent nerve circuit

NS

A

nerve impulse from many presysnaptic neurons

nerve impulse in one postsynaptic neuron

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25
Q

Describe circular nerve circuit

NS

A

Neurons connections go in loop
ex. processing and storying memroes

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26
Q

What is simplest type of nerve circuit

and describe it

NS

A

reflex arc - reglates reflex
involuntary response
integration happens in spinal cord
ex. knee jerk reflex, gag reglex

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27
Q

What are steps of reflex arc

NS

A

receptor
sensroy neuron
integration center
motor neuron
effector

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28
Q

What is voltage and membrane potential

Nerve sig

A

voltage - diff in elect potential between 2 point
Memb pot- voltage across a membrane , -70mV when resting
outside pos
inside neg

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29
Q

How is resting potential maintianed

3 ways

Nerve sig

A

Ion distribution
membrane permeabiliy
Na+/K+ pump

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30
Q

how does ion distribution help mainting resting pot

Nerve sig

A

large negative molec cannot cross memb
ex proteins, sulphate,
maintain neg on inside

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31
Q

How does membrane permeability aid keeping resting pot

Nerve sig

A

charged ions cannot directly diffuse
uses leak channels
does not determine direciton of flow
more K+ leak channels than Na+
K+ easier to leave

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32
Q

Chem grad vs elect grad

Nerve sig

A

chem - concentration gradient, move from high to low concentration
(K out, Na In, Cl out )
elect - ion gradient, move from post to neg area
(K in, Na in, Cl out)

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33
Q

What is electrochemical gradient

also what is it for K and Na

Nerve sig

A

combination of both elect and chem gradient
K+ net move out of cell
Na+ net movement into cell

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34
Q

What is membrane potential if only K+ is used, what does this mean

Nerve sig

A

Equilibrium potential be -85mV
(potential at which there is no net movt of ion in or out)
this means that another cation is used to make it higher
Na+

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35
Q

What is effect of establishing equilibrium with only Na+ and K+

Nerve sig

A

influx of Na+ makes cell less neg
drives steady efflux of K+
concentration grad would dissipate

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36
Q

What is the role of Na+ K+ pump

Nerve sig

A

uses ATP to drive active trans to keep ionic gradient
3 Na out, 2 K in
more pos ions leaving cell than entering keeps it at -70Mv

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37
Q

What are the 3 types of potentials

Nerve sig

A

Graded (hyperpol, depol)
Threshold potential
action potential

Nerve sig

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38
Q

What is graded pot vs action pot

Nerve sig

A

graded - all membrane potentials lower than thresh pot
magnituge effected by strength of stim
magnit also from distance of stim
Action - large depol, triggered if depol reaches thresh pot, same mag all time (+35mV), only made in axon

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39
Q

hyperpolarization vs depolarization

Nerve sig

A

magnitude depend on strength of stim (opens more channels, larger change in pot)
hyperpol - lower than pesting pot (K+ channels open)
Depol - higher than resting pot (Na+ channels open )

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40
Q

What are diff types of ion channels

3

Nerve sig

A

ungated/leak - all over cell, always open, maintain rest pot
voltage gate - open/close due to memb pot, in action pot, synapses, in nodes of ranvier, and syn term
Chem gate - on/off due to chem, receptors when neurotrans bind, at dendrites

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41
Q

What are 5 phases of action pot

also ion permeabiliyt

Nerve sig

A
  1. resting - only Nin open
  2. threshold - some Nact open
  3. depol - K open slow, Nact all open, Nin close slow
  4. repol - K all open, Nact open, nin all closed
  5. undershoot - K close slow, both Na Closed

Nin = Na inhibition

Nact = Na activation

all are voltage gates

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42
Q

Na inactivation gate vs activation

Nerve sig

A

inact - on inside end of channel , slow
activ - on outside end of channel, fast

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43
Q

what is process of propegation

Nerve sig

A

when action pot travels along axon, repeated regen
depol causes neighbor to depol
goes one way

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44
Q

What is refractory period how does it effect propogation

Nerve sig

A

period where action pot is not possible,
Na inactivation gate too slow, still closed
during repol and undershoot phase
stops propogration from moving backwards
limits freq of act pot

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45
Q

factors affecting speed of conduction

Nerve sig

A

axon diamter - larger = faster, less res
myelination - no action pot between nodes, like it jumps

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46
Q

What is saltatory conduction

Nerve sig

A

current gen by act pot jumps to next node of Ranvier(where its exposed to ExCellFluid)
happens in humans

47
Q

What is frequency coding

what is relevence to stim strength and act pot

A

stimulus strength correlates to freq of act pot
beacuse act pot mag is indi of stim strength

48
Q

Elect synapse vs chem synapse

Nerve sig

A

elect - current from presyn cell directly flow to postsyn, uses gap junctions not common in vert
adv - rapid
dis - difficult to reg
chem - elect-> chem(neurotrans) ->elect
no phys contact
in humans

49
Q

what are 4 steps in chem synapse

Nerve sig

A
  1. presyn memb depol by act pot
  2. Volt gate Ca+ channel opens on presyn
  3. Ca+ enters
  4. stimulates exocyto of syn vesicles
50
Q

What are neurotransmitters

Nerve sig

A

used in chem syn
substance released by presyn cell into syn cleft
intercellular messanger
each neuron secretes only 1 types of neurotrans
connect with receptor on postsyn memb

51
Q

Cycle of Ca2+ in chem synapase

Nerve sig

A

open close quickly
activly transported out
come back if another act pot arrives

52
Q

What are 8 steps in communication accros a chem synapse

A
  1. action pot
  2. Ca channels open
  3. Ca enters, NT release by exocytos
  4. NT diffuse into syn cleft
  5. NT bind to repeptor in postsyn, response in postsyn
  6. removal by enzymatic degradation
  7. removal by going back in presyn
  8. removal by diffuse away from syn cleft
53
Q

process and concequences of NT removal

Nerve sig

A

has 4 removal paths
1. diffuse away
2. degrade in recept
3. degrade in enz on postsyn
4. go back into presyn
if removed completly synapse would not work

54
Q

excitatory syn vs inhibitory syn

Nerve sig

A

excit - NT open gate chann (Na in, K out), causes depol
inhibit - opens gate chann(K out, Cl in), causes hyperpol

55
Q

EPSP vs IPSO

Nerve sig

A

Excitatory postsynaptic potential - elect change from excite synapse
Inhibitory postsynaptic potential - elect change from inhibit syn
Strenght depends on amt of NT binding to recept
can cancel each other out

56
Q

What is summation and types

Nerve sig

A

Temporal - chem transmission happens close in time, before voltage goes back to resting
Spacial - many syn term fire close tgt in time and space, from diff presyn neurons

57
Q

Describe nerve signalling cycle of events

from NT to next Net

Nerve sig

A
  1. receptors on dendrites get NT
  2. chem gate chann open
  3. summation of sig at axon hillock
  4. act pot gen and conduct down axon
  5. Nt release into syn cleft
58
Q

Main components of CNS

organ, bone, cavity

CNS

A

Brain - skull, has ventricles(fluid cavit)
spinal cord - spin, spine column , vert, has central canal (fluis cavity)

59
Q

what is meninges

(3 layers) strcture, function

CNS

A

3 layers of elestic tissue
dura mater(outest)
arachnoid mater
pia mater
surround brain, spin cord
encase and protects brain
houses blood brain barrier

60
Q

Where is the blood brain barrier lcated

CNS

A

in subarachnoid space
between arachnoid and pia mater
inner and middle layers

61
Q

what is structure and func of fluid surrounding CNS organs

CNS

A

fills cavities in CNS
made form filtration of blood
has nutrients, horm, WBC
shock absorber
flows through subarachoid space

62
Q

what part of neuron is white or gray matter

CNS

A

gray - dendrite, cell body
WHIte - meylinated axon

63
Q

What are the 3 section of brain

cera, thala, hypo, cerbell, pons, med loc

CNS

A

forebrain - cerebrum, thalamus, hypothal, epithal, pituitary gland
midbrain - in brainstem
hindbrain -cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata

64
Q

funciton of medulla oblongata

loc

CNS

A

base of brain stem
involuntary muscles
heart rate, swallowing, blood vessels
instructions it carries are criss crossed. left brain controls right body

65
Q

Pons function/loc

CNS

A

hind
bridge info betwen cerebell, med oblong

66
Q

cereballum function/loc

CNS

A

hind
unconcious coord, posture, limb movt
voluntary motar skills
ex writing, biking

67
Q

What does the thalamus do

CNS

A

relay station, gets sensroy input sends to cerebrum
gets info from cerebrum

68
Q

what does epithalamust do

where is it

CNS

A

in fore brain
has pineal gland, secretes hormones

69
Q

what does hypthalamus do

CNS

A

hormone plroductions along with pituitary gland
forebrain

70
Q

```

~~~

what is most evolved part of human brain

CNS

A

cerebrum

71
Q

```

~~~

What is cerabral cortex

structure, describe

CNS

A

outer covering for mammals
gray metter
6 sheets of neuron
80% okf brain mass
folds increase surface area
higher cognitive abilities

72
Q

What is corpus callosum

also funciton

CNS

A

Connects left and right side of brain,
comm between hemisphere
white mattr

73
Q

What are 4 lobes of cerebrum and funct

CNS

A

frontal - volunt muscle movt, reasoning, short term mem, integrate form other lobes, mods emot based on social norms
Temporal llobe - hearing, long term memory, processing of mem and emot
Occipital lobe - visual imfo, coords info from eye
perietal lobe - touch and temp, taste, visiuospacial analysis

74
Q

Where is hearing processed lobe

CNS

A

temporal
middle bottom lobe

75
Q

Where is visual info processed

CNS

A

occipital lobe
back of brain

76
Q

where is smell processed

CNS

A

frontal lobe

77
Q

where is touch, temp processed

CNS

A

perietal lobe

78
Q

What are the 5 ways the brain integrates diff areas of cerebrum

CNS

A
  1. processing of sensory input
  2. lateralization
  3. language and speech
  4. emotions
  5. memory and learning
79
Q

steps of processing of sensory input

6

CNS

A
  1. sensory inp(by sense recept, afferent neur)
  2. primary sense area in lobe
  3. adjacent associ area in lobe
  4. frontal associ area in frontal lob(compose motar resp)
  5. primary motor cortex(direct movt of muslce)
  6. motor output(eff neuron, effe cells)
80
Q

What is lateralization

CNS

A

one othe ways the brain integrates
allocation of brain function in left or right hemisphere
happens in child

81
Q

lateralization of brain funct

left hem vs right hem

CNS

A

left - language, math, process fine details, fine motor control
right - pattern rec, music multi task, face rec, emotion process

82
Q

What are the broca and wernicke areas for and loc

CNS

A

Speach and language processing
Broca - frontla, motor speech, speaking
Wernicke - temporal lobe, speech comprehension(sensory), understanding language

83
Q

What is limbic system, funct

wha tare 5 parts

CNS

A

gen emotion, attaches emot to survival programs
has hippocamp, olfactory cortex, amygdala, thal, hypthal

84
Q

What are the 4 primary emotion

CNS

A

anger, laugh, cry, fear

85
Q

What is amygdala role

what system

CNS

A

in limbic system, in temporal lob
gets info from hippocap
recognizes emote on faces
keeps history of emotional mem

86
Q

Where is short term vs long term mem processed

CNS

A

short term - frontal
long term - temporal, hippo camp, influenced by amygdala

87
Q

What are diff types of long term mem

CNS

A

declarative - can verbalize (semantic: info abt the world, Episodic: personal info)
non declarative - hard to verbalize (conditoning: socail norms, conseq. Procedural: riding bike, piano)

88
Q

memory reconsolidation vs consolidation

CNS

A

consol - sensory exp -> unstable STM -> stable LTM (problem: doesn’t show that mem can be updated)
reconsol- cycle hippo camp-> active mem -> cortex reconsol -> inactive mem(stable)

89
Q

what are memory concepts used in 12 bio studying

CNS

A

reconsolidation model used
memories are recalled and made active again
then go bat to stable inactive state
long term potentiation?

90
Q

long term potention vs long term depression

A

potent - when postsyn neuron has increase resp to stimuli, caused by fast, repeated act pot, associated wtih mem storage
depress - postsyn neur has dereased resp to stim, through weak repeated stim ex, inability to smell after long exposure to bad odour

91
Q

What is neural plascticity

A

ability of mature neurons to adapt to env influences. ex learning or compensation after injury
has 2 types

92
Q

short term vs long term plascticity

CNS

A

short - enhancemtn to existing syn connection
long - physical changes or new formation of synapses
after strokes, outerspace, epiliepsy

93
Q

What are 4 steps fo sensory reception

Spec sense

A

sensory transduction
amplification
transmission
integraton

94
Q

What ahppens in sensory transuctions

Spec sens

A

conversion of stim eng to change in membrane pot
ex- pressure can stretch membr and increase ion flow
done by sensroy receptors

95
Q

what is receptor potential

Spec sense

A

graded potential produced in response to stim. causes by sensory transduction
can trigger action pot

96
Q

What happens in the amplificaiton

Spec sense

A

second step in sensory reception
strengthens stim eng so that it can travel to brain
can be done by sensory receptor
ex photorecepors
ear drum and bones - sound waves are enhanced before reaching sensory receptors

97
Q

What happens in third step of sensory reception

Spec sense

A

Transmission
conduction of impulses to CNS
can be done by sensory receptor
or afferent neuron
depol of recept pot must activate act pot

98
Q

```

What is integration in sensory reception

Spec sense

A

processing of information
in CNS in particular lobes of brain

99
Q

What are parts of the eye and funct

6

Spec sense

A

iris- regulate amt of light entering eye
Cornea/lens - help focus image on retina
optic nerve - neur send info to brain
3 tissue layers
1. sclera - muscle
2. choroid - blood vessels
3. retina - has rod and cone cell

100
Q

What does retina do

Spec sense

A

has rods and cone cells
converts light sig to elect sig

101
Q

Rods vs cone cells

Spec sense

A

cone - for colours, best in daytime
rod - for night vision, detect light. more common

102
Q

what are the parts of photoreceptor

2 compare with plant version

Spec sense

A

protein: opsin - light sensitive, has 1 rod 3 cone cells (photosystem)
pigment: retinal - light absorbing (chlorophyll)

103
Q

What is rhodopsin

Spec sense

A

used in eye
it is photoisomer - changes shape when exposed to light
found in rod cells
Does diff things in light vs dark

104
Q

what does rhodopsin do in light vs dark

Spec sense

A

in light - retinal changes from cis to trans, retinal detaches from opsin, free opsin close Na chann, membrane hyperpol
in Dark - opsin attached to retinal(inactive), Na channels open, Depol, increase release of NT glutamate

105
Q

What are the steps in the process of converting light to electrical sig(act pot)

using 4 steps

Spec sense

A

sensory transduction: rod, cone
amplification: rod, cone
transmission: optic nerve
integration:occipital lobe

106
Q

Why are you initually blind to faint light after being in bright light

Spec sense

A

in bright light opsin leaves from rhodopsin, rod cells are unresponsive
in low light enzyme is used to attach opsin back. enzyme takes a while to work

107
Q

How does over stimulation of cone cells lead to specific after image

Spec sense

A

photoreceptors adapt and lose sensitivity in that colour
when eyes go to blank area adapted photoreceptors send out weak sig
cones that were not being excited by that colour send out strong sig
colour seen is opposing secondary colour in light

108
Q

What are parts of the ear

(6) and loc (mal, inc, st)

Spec sense

A

ochlea - inner (looks like eye)
malleus/hammer - middle
incus/anvil - middle
stapes/stirrup - middle
tympanic membrane/ear drum
vastibular system

109
Q

```

~~~

What are the parts of cochlea

5

Spec sense

A

upper vestivular cana
lower tympanic canal
seperated by cochlear duct
organ of corti in cochlear duct
attached to tectorial membrane

110
Q

How are volume and pitch destiguished and determined

Spec sense

A

vol - by amplitude of sound waves, frequency of act pot
Pitch - determined by location that is stimulated in cochlea(lower is farther in)

111
Q

How is ear involved in stability and balance

Spec sense

A

uses vastibular system - semicircular canals near cochlea
filled with otoliths - ear stones
gravtiy pulls stones down on hairs in brain, tells position to brain

112
Q

sensory reception in taste vs smell

Spec sense

A

Taste
1. Sensory transduction: taste buds
2. Amplification: taste buds
3. Transmission: gustatory (taste) nerve
4. Integration: parietal lobe
Smell
1. Sensory transduction: olfactory receptor cells
2. Amplification: olfactory receptor cells
3. Transmission: olfactory nerve in olfactory bulb
4. Integration: temporal lobe

113
Q

what are the recept responsible for sensing each spacial sense

Spec sense

A

vis - photorecept
hear - hair cells in cochlea
taste - taste buds
smell - olfactory receptors

114
Q

What sense does each lobe process

A

vis - occipital lobe
taste - parietal lobe
hear - temporal lobe
smell - frontal lobe

Biology 12 (8 decks)

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