Population and Settlement Flashcards
What 2 things affect population growth?
Birth and death rate
What is natural increase?
When the birth rate is higher than the death rate
What is natural decrease?
When the birth rate is lower than the death rate
What happens to a country in Stage 1 of the DTM?
Birth rate = high and fluctuating
Death rate = high and fluctuating
Population growth rate = zero
Population size = low and steady
Example countries = no countries, some tribes in Brazil
What happens to a country in Stage 2 of the DTM?
Birth rate =high and steady
Death rate = rapidly falling
Population growth rate = very high
Population size = rapidly increasing
Example countries =Gambia
What happens to a country in Stage 3 of the DTM?
Birth rate = rapidly falling
Death rate = slowly falling
Population growth rate =high
Population size = increasing
Example countries =Egypt
What happens to a country in Stage 4 of the DTM?
Birth rate = low and fluctuating
Death rate = low and fluctuating
Population growth rate = zero
Population size = high and steady
Example countries =UK, USA
What happens to a country in Stage 5 of the DTM?
Birth rate = slowly falling
Death rate = low and steady
Population growth rate =negative
Population size = slowly falling
Example countries = Japan
What happens to countries when they become more developed?
Birth & death rate change e.g. more money, so healthcare improves, so death rate drops, so faster population growth
What is a population pyramid?
Shows how many people there are of each age group and each sex
What is overpopulation?
When there are too many people for the resources
What causes overpopulation?
Rapid population growth
What countries are most likely to be overpopulated?
LEDCs e.g. Gambia (stages 2&3 of DTM) bc they have high birth rate and falling death rate
What causes a youthful population?
Low life expectancy and high birth rate
What problems do youthful, overpopulated LEDCs face?
Healthcare can’t cope with large amounts of people, so not everyone has access to them
Children have to work to support their families, so they miss out on education
Isn’t enough houses for everyone, leading to homelessness and make shift housing in crowded areas, which leads to more health issues as there isn’t always sewers or clean water
Food shortages, causing starvation
Not enough jobs, people can’t work
Increasing poverty bc children are born into families that are already poor
Increased waste & pollution
More natural resources used up e.g. deforestation
What are the different strategies to control overpopulation?
Birth control e.g. laws on how many children you can have, free contraception and sex education
Immigration laws e.g. laws that limit the number of people that are allowed immigrate
What is China’s population?
1.3 billion
Why was China encouraged to have more children in 1949?
To have a bigger and stronger army
What was the ‘late, long and few’ policy?
To naturally decrease China’s population, people were encouraged to have children later in life, leave longer gaps between having children and have fewer of them.
What was the ‘one child’ policy?
Couples that had 1 child would be given benefits like longer maternity leave, better housing, and free education.
Couples that had more than 1 child didn’t get these benefits and were also fined
What are the benefits to China’s one child policy?
Prevented 400 million births, fertility rate dropped from 2.9 to 1.8
What are the drawbacks to China’s one policy?
Ageing population, brutality with women being forced into abortion, many more men than women because baby girls were not wanted, overpopulated orphanages
What is an ageing population?
More people 65+ than 65-
What issues are caused by an ageing population?
Older people are dependent on the younger, working population
Healthcare services under strain bc older people need more care
People may have fewer children as they can’t afford lots of children when they’re looking after older relatives, this leads to a drop in birth rate
The more old people there is the lower the pensions will be and people have to retire later bc they can’t afford to live on a pension
Government get less taxes as only the working pay them
What are the strategies of coping with an ageing population?
Encouraging larger families
Encouraging the immigration of young people from other countries
Raising the retirement age
Raising taxes of the working population
What is migration?
The movement of people from one area to another
What is immigration and emigration?
Immigration - people moving into an area
Emigration - people exiting an area
What are some push factors of migration?
Shortage of jobs Low wages Poor standard of life Poor education and healthcare Being persecuted bc religion or political views War Natural disasters
What are some pull factors of migration?
More employment Higher wages Better standard of life Better education and healthcare Safer place e.g. little crime and no natural disasters
What is internal migration?
Moving from one place to another within the same country
What are the positive impacts to internal emigration?
Less pressure on healthcare or schools ect
Money is usually sent back to the country by emigrants
What are the negative impacts to internal emigration?
Labour shortages as it is normally working people that emigrate
High proportion of elderly people left behind that don’t work and need care
What are the positive impacts of internal immigration?
Bigger labour force
Migrant workers often pay taxes
What are the negative impacts of internal immigration?
Competition for jobs
Increased demand on services e.g. healthcare, schools ect
Money earned by immigrants is sent back home rather than put back into the economy of destination country
What are the ways of controlling internal migration?
Countries can choose who comes into their country based on age, education, work experience and whether they speak the language
Controlling illegal immigration
What causes urbanisation?
Rural to urban migration
What are the push factors in rural-urban migration?
Few jobs
Low wages
Lack of services in rural areas
Experiencing poor harvests
What are the pull factors in rural-urban migration?
More jobs
Higher wages
Better services e.g. healthcare, electricity, clean water
What are the impacts of urbanisation in urban areas?
Overcrowding
Increased traffic, pollution, waste
In LEDCs it leads to squatter settlements
What are the impacts of urbanisation in rural areas?
As people move to the cities the population in rural areas decrease
Increasing elderly population as young people move away
Even fewer services, the lack of demand causes shops and other services to close
What can be done to manage the impacts of urbanisation in urban areas?
Building more houses
Attracting more houses to create more jobs
Reducing traffic and pollution by encouraging public transport, cycling ect
What can be done to manage the impacts of urbanisation in rural areas?
Investing in local services like healthcare
Giving loans and grants to businesses-encourages people to set up in rural areas
Improving local transport-will make travelling a lot easier for local people e.g. if they live in rural but work in the city
What is counter urbanisation?
People moving out of cities into rural areas, common in MEDCs
What are the push factors for counter urbanisation?
Pollution and traffic congestion
Crime rates
Everything is more expensive in cities
What are the pull factors for counter urbanisation?
It is still possible to work in cities and live in rural areas bc improved transport links
Growth of IT means people have better communication and can work from home
New out of town business parks
What are the impacts of counter urbanisation in rural areas?
Increased price for houses bc more demand
Commuters use shops closer to their work, which causes local shops to close
How can you manage the impacts of counter urbanisation in rural areas?
Making policies that stop commuters or second home buyers from getting houses that the local people need
Investing in services
How can you manage the impacts of counter urbanisation in urban areas?
Redeveloping urban areas e.g. making them more attractive
Regenerating shopping areas e.g. improving transport links
What are the impacts of counter urbanisation in urban areas?
They become run down and disused
Commuters prefer to shop and work on the outskirts of the city so services and shops on the inner city close
What are the 4 main parts a city can be split into?
CBD (central business district)- found in the centre of the city, where the shops and offices are
Inner city- found around the CBD, has a mix of poor quality housing and old industrial buildings
Suburbs- housing areas found outside the inner city
Rural-urban fringe- right at the edge of the city where there is both urban and rural land uses e.g. factories and farming
Describe the CBD
It’s land uses are businesses e.g. shops & offices
It’s very busy and accessible
Has expensive land
Center point for entertainment e.g. cinemas ect.
