Population Flashcards
1
Q
- Explain reasons for taking a census in developed countries
A
- Census data used to plan and then deliver services based on the needs and demands of the future population- info on birth rates allows decisions to be made on investing in maternity care and education services
- birth rates allow the gov to plan for building schools or closing schools - impact on planning for needs of increasing or limiting teacher training
- population policy based on census data- China implementing one child policy- rapidly growing population - gov fears being able to provide its population with food, housing, schools and hospitals
- plan policy and make decisions on the future pension levels as they can predict how many people will be retired and will require support
- migration patterns recorded by gov- ensure country migration rules are being met- infrastructure is adequate, (housing and services are available in areas where migrants are setting)
- shows where people are living- therefore gov can plan where to build new roads/railways- crucial to ensure business can operate effectively (clients/employees can travel to work and distribute products)
- shows areas with high unemployment rates - can receive help from gov- e.g. Encourage large successful businesses to set up in these areas which bring long term stability to the area and lower unemployment rates - lead to other businesses setting up in the area which further stimulates economic growth
2
Q
- Explain how the UK gathers population data between census
A
- between censuses- compulsory registration of births, deaths and marriages by GENERAL REGISTER OFFICE for each part of UK- other main changes brought about by emigration and immigration- THE HOME OFFICES UK BORDER AGENCY records UK migration
- MINI CENSUSES- carried out such as 2009 census rehearsal for England and Wales - gov sponsored SAMPLE SURVEYS of population and social trends
- data from ELECTORAL ROLL AND NHS records allows population data to be updated IN BETWEEN CENSUS COLLECTION
3
Q
- Problems of taking a census in developing countries
A
(Many developing countries unable to produce accurate info regarding population figures due to problems with completing census)
- Cost is huge- printing, computers, labour- just some of outlays which many developing countries can’t afford as they have more important priorities e.g. Health and education
- many different languages spoken- have to hire translators and print forms in different languages- very expensive and produce many different forms
- Literacy- in some countries literacy= as low as 50%- scribes hired - expensive and time consuming
- distribution of census can pose problems- villages may be unmapped- terrain may be hard to cross- Nepal extremely difficult to travel due to mountains
- nomadic people are often not included- numbers have declined but some desert areas still have groups-Tuareg of the Sahel - they can be missed out or counted twice
- even if pop numbers are accurate- info like percentage living in urban areas may not be accurate- everyday thousands flock to city to seek work e.g. Brazil
- many lie on forms- illegal immigrants or in China they want to hide amount of children due to one child policy
- pop size- India and China have huge pops which take long time to count and distribute forms to - expensive and time consuming activity
- war affects census info or prevents a census taking place- many parts too dangerous for gov employees
4
Q
- a)Explain impacts of developED country population pyramids
A
(Germany)
PROBLEMS
•low birth and death rates with high life expectancy= increasing ageing pop - dependency will be high
Increase in life expectancy:
•more health issues- older pop more likely to suffer from poor health- our species not used to living as long- getting more frail and prone to disease and health problems- lower immunity
•more home help and nursing homes required- old people can’t look after themselves- too frail and stiff to get up and walk about to get food- if medication needed helper must be there to ensure correct dosage
Low birth rates:
•taxes increased to pay for pensions
- contracting pop= schools + hospitals close- unemployment - not enough children to fill schools and working pop decreasing as more people retiring than coming into jobs
- smaller workforce could create problems for industry- fewer skilled workers- fewer unskilled workers- fewer managers- fewer scientists= less research
- ‘only children’ more common- difficulty coping with ageing parents- financially and emotionally
- less babies= industries like pranks makers and toy shops lose business- possible job loses
ADVANTAGES
- ‘family values’- e.g. Respect, wisdom, care and tradition
- older people given choice to work longer- benefit from their experience and knowledge to fully benefit society- older people undervalued in modern society
- younger retired people contribute lots to economy- reasonable amounts of money- lots of leisure time hence good consumers- rise in ‘silver surfer’ older people surfing the net
- many retired do voluntary work in schools- charities that is essential work but done for free
- many retired grandparents now fulfilling child care roles for grandchildren- cost of child care rises- vital role unifies extended family- allows parents to work and contribute to economy
5
Q
6.b) Explain impacts of developING country population pyramids
A
PROBLEMS
- rapidly growing pop- not enough land in countryside- starvation- forces people to migrate to already overcrowded cities
- environmental costs of overpopulation= over cultivation and overgrazing of marginal areas as people try to feed themselves- soil erosion- desertification
- lack of housing- councils fail to cope with overpop- no money/time to build new housing- squatter settlements develop- lack basic amenities- toilet, running water, electricity
- unemployment- major problem- benefits not available- resort to begging, crime and illegal work- discourage tourists from visiting and foreign industries from setting up business- large percentage do not pay taxes
- disease spreads in squatter settlements- inadequate sewage disposal- raw sewage passes through streets where pipes and drains are exposed- contaminate water supplies, spreading cholera-can be fatal if not treated- diseases greatly reduce the economically active pops strength, therefore ability to work- stagnant water encourages breeding of mosquitos which spread malaria
- massive amount of waste- lack space to accommodate the rubbish- rubbish dumps=ideal habitat for rats=spread of disease- host to scavengers who recycle the waste- people make career from searching rubbish dumps for bottles, furniture and clothes which can be sold
- congestion- too many vehicles curtain traffic movement and pollute environment- many vehicles in developing world don’t have catalytic converters- don’t run on lead free petrol- public transport inadequate- buses and trams overcrowded- dangerous and very slow moving
- poor- unable to keep up with needs of rapidly expanding pop- not enough schools built to educate pop- health services unable to provide health for whole pop
- future conflicts within and between countries over scarce resources like water will occur
ADVANTAGES
- with growing pop- huge cheap workforce- benefit industry in being able to be very competitive on global scale- help attract more multi national companies- help economy continue to grow
- able to make better use of natural resources- more valuable trade with other countries- profits can be reinvested in national services for country
- large number of consumers- high demand generated- allows companies to benefit in number of sales- stimulate investment- introduction of more new technology in businesses- perform more effectively helping economy develop further
- large number of young people in AWP- high number available for armed forces- if all young people had mandatory 2 years of training- country can call up hundreds of thousands of soldiers at any time- huge reserve of armed forces- allows country to develop greater power and influence in world
6
Q
- a)Solutions to problems of developED country population pyramids
A
- encourage immigrants into country
- free or subsidised child care
- increased child benefits and parent support
- put a charge on contraceptives and family planning consultations
- increased maternity leave( paid maternity leave and introduce paternity leave)
- provide crèches in workplace
- tax credits and tax reduction for those families that have more children
7
Q
7.b) Explain solutions to problems of developING country population pyramids
A
- wide scale intro of birth control and free distribution of contraceptives
- education of women regarding need to use birth control and how to use it- many women illiterate
- work with church in an attempt to change attitudes towards family planning
- sterilisation campaigns- in 1970s Indian gov encouraged males to be sterilised in return for free radio- in many countries it is females who are sterilised
- one child policy- some success but difficult to enforce and in some cases in China- policy became too authoritarian- snoopers spied on women and some forced to have abortions at a late stage in pregnancy
- later marriages reduces time for woman to have children thus lowers birth rate- age of marriage raised- lowering birth rates
- govs can reward small families with benefits and vice versa
- keeping girls on at school has proven to be an effective way to reduce birth rates
8
Q
8.a) causes of voluntary migration (india to Britain)
A
PUSH
- massive unemployment in india- millions unemployed and leave to seek work
- poverty caused by poor housing/no sanitation/poor health care
- few prospects- in rural parts of India many children don’t go to school and have very little access to health care which forces people to leave
- lack of land due to inheritance system in India - massive overpopulation forces people to migrate- mechanisation of farms means less jobs in rural areas which forced people to move away
PULL
- British gov encourages Asians into country to fill the posts that “whites” would not consider- this was in 50’s and 60’s when Britain was in an economic surge
- Asians were also encouraged by free health care and education prospects
- family ties made it easier to settle in a foreign country as relatives could help them with accommodation finding a job
- find better jobs with better pay and prospects and some of the money could be sent back to family in India
9
Q
8.b) causes of forced migration (Syria)
A
PUSH
- April 2011- Syrian army deployed to quell uprising- ordered to open fire on demonstrations
- death total- exceeded 170,000- many more injured
- ethnic cleansing of different groups from many areas of Syria e.g. Christians
•to escape violence- as many as 3.7 million Syrian refugees fled to neighbouring countries- Lebanon, turkey, Jordan- after seeing neighbours bombed or fam members killed
- bombings destroying crowded cities- 4 million left homeless- country’s infrastructure essential services destroyed
•basic necessities- food and water difficult to find - unemployment high- finding it impossible to lead normal life
- tens of thousands of protesters imprisoned
- gov and opposition forces guilty of severe human right violations- thousands kidnapped, tortured and raped
PULL
- more than 3 million refugees flooding into neighbouring countries- relatives there
- Lebanon and Syria share massive porous border of 365km- logical most people go there- easiest safe place to go
- similar languages and religions- easy to integrate
- future prospects- safety from violence and persecution of Syrian army and shelter from weather
- lots of jobs available in Lebanon- booming economy- hope of access to education
- aid in form of food, water, shelter, clothing and medicine- available from UN and charities
10
Q
9.a) impacts of migration on donor country for voluntary migration
A
ADVANTAGES
- relieves pop pressure in area of origin- pop pressure in Punjab resulted in mass deforestation, over cultivation, overgrazing, which led to soil erosion- lower pop density= development now feasible
- send money back to families- use money to improve standard of living
- birth rate reduced- mainly young people who migrate thereby slowing down pop growth
- after number of years many immigrants return home with skills to improve the areas they came from -e.g. Better farming methods, engineers, doctors, business skills
DISADVANTAGES
- young people tend to leave- leaving the elderly to work the land and this is less productive
- brain drain- educated people migrate to find work- people who have good education in developing world often migrate to developed world as job prospects are better and salaries are higher- about 25% staff in NHS made up from Indians and pakistaní
- pop imbalance left as more males than females will migrate from India
- families broken up for many years and many are never reunited
12
Q
10.a) impacts of forced migration on donor country
A
DISADVANTAGES
•estimated 6.5 million have been internally displaced- result of fighting
•businesses struggle to operate in
turbulent conditions of country-
if lot of business closures- add to
problems of country
•economy collapsed- decades to
recover
•less people to do jobs and keep economy going
•not enough doctors to look after
injured
•many educated elite pop have fled
home in search of safety
•disappearance of social communities and culture
•cities like Homs and Aleppo now
ghost towns
•families torn apart- wounds of internal conflict last for decades even when fighting is over
ADVANTAGES
•less people to join either side in civil war- less people killed or injured
•less overcrowding- more homes, food and water available
•disease rates decrease- less people
-disease cannot spread rapidly-
living conditions improve as less
overcrowding results in less disease
13
Q
10.b) impacts of forced migration on receiving country
A
DISADVANTAGES
•drain on that country and other UN country's resources- water/electricity used to try provide for people
•small countries have limited
resources/infrastructure- at
breaking point
•massive strain- health and
education as refugees need to be
provided these services- led to
outbreak of scabies in Lebanon
•many still living in tent- basic
sanitation- outbreaks of disease in
parts of Lebanon
•influxes in migration- some towns doubling in pop- lot of pressure on health and education services
•food prices increased due to
increased demand- led to
resentment within Lebanon
•racial tension increased within
Lebanon between different religions
due to influx of so many people from
Syria
•leads to too few jobs- harms economy- increased strain placed by high numbers of people not actively working
•some Lebanese argue- lost jobs due
to Syrians willing to work for less-
leads to racial tension
ADVANTAGES
- arrival of aid agencies- inject new money into Lebanese economy- benefited local area
- local businesses benefited from arrival of abundant cheap labour source for industry
- going forward- gov receive more taxes by having bigger workforce within country which it can use to invest in country
- large segments of national economy in Lebanon benefited directly or indirectly from increasing demand for goods and services- flow of foreign aid from donor countries
- cultural benefits like new foods and cultures being introduced into country- enriches country
- land owners and property owners making huge profits due to increased demand from new migrants
14
Q
9.b) impacts of migration on receiving country for voluntary migration
A
ADVANTAGES
•With influx of migration- adopt many cultural aspects- food~Indian and Chinese- popular music- West Indian reggae music- Notting hill carnival- athletics/sports
- received a lot of skilled workers and source of cheap labour to fill jobs that were not wanted
- industry benefited with having cheaper workforce so was more competitive on a global scale
DISADVANTAGES
- racial tension- Britain and USA experienced this in riots and warfare
- in 1970s- economic recession- migrants competing for jobs against British people- caused resentment
- migrants need to be provided with health care and education which is a strain on scarce resources
- UK low paid workers tend to suffer most as migrants come in who are prepared to work longer hours for less money
