Health Flashcards
- In what way does the information in the table suggest that the 5 countries are at different levels of development
GDP- Brazil, Mexico and Cuba- emergent developing countries with an intermediate level of income - Kenya and Malawi- still classed as low income developing countries
Employment in agriculture- far higher in Malawi(90%) than brazil(16%) - less industrial as more people in country likely to be subsistence farmers
Adult literacy- far higher in Brazil, Mexico and Cuba than in Malawi - more funding for schools and more accessible to the general population
Birth rate - vast difference in development with both African countries having high birth rates (Kenya=30%) compared to Mexico(18%) - lack of contraception/education of family planning
Large difference- life expectancy- Malawi=53 whereas Cuba=78 - better health care funding for hospitals, training doctors and medical equipment/medication
- Choose 1 social or economic indicator of development and show how each illustrate a countries level of development
ECONOMIC
High GDP(developed)
- UK GDP= $39093 - many people employed in industry or service industries- bring wealth to country- profits from trading with other countries
- if GDP is high- lots of money to spend on improving people’s lives within the country- people will be healthy as access to healthy as access to health care
- access to clean water and sanitation- less likely to contract disease- have a high life expectancy
- calorie intake will be high- able to afford food - people would get assistance from government like unemployment benefits
- literacy rate high- lots of money to build schools/train teachers - children will get free education- government provides old people with things like pensions and care homes to protect them in their old age
Low GDP(developing)
- Malawi GDP=$268- very little industry- most work in agriculture- most subsistence farmers(producing enough food to feed themselves without contributing to economy)
- if low- no access to services like health and education- restricts ability of country to develop if citizens find it difficult to gain a good education and keep healthy
- calories per day- quite low- bodies more vulnerable to disease- people being off work lowering GDP even more
- lack of housing- government can’t afford to house all citizens- shanty towns developing around edges of major cities
SOCIAL
Life expectancy
- if low - country likely to have low GNI- small budget to spend on health care- children may not recieve vaccinations throughout life making them vulnerable to disease
- high percentage of people work in agriculture- hard lifestyle- usually difficult to gain access to nearby doctor in rural areas lowering life expectancy
- not able to provide citizens with social services(pensions and care homes) to keep them healthy when they are old- leading to shorter life expectancy
- Explain why indicators of development may fail to provide an accurate representation of the true quality of life throughout a country or within a country
- GNP = average figure - hide huge differences in wealth within country- higher standard of living in south of England where London is found
- differences between cities and countryside- in Brazil (Amazon rainforest and Rio) - countryside areas may not have access to doctors, education or clean water
- inflated- Kuwait = high GDP - due to oil companies - wealth is concentrated amongst a few super rich people
- Bangladesh GDP irrelevant- people are involved in subsistence agriculture- don’t use money - mainly barter to obtain goods and services
- inaccurate- certain countries misinform world of true state - North Korea
- inaccuracy of censuses- poorly financed - china large areas of desert and mountain ranges- poor communication routes some places inaccessible
- calories per day- inaccurate- some countries people only consume one type of food- not balanced diet- India mainly rice diet - malnourishment
- Reasons for different levels of development between countries in the developing world
- Afghanistan - less developed - 20 years of war- destroyed infrastructure and agriculture
- Bolivia- diseases such as malaria are endemic- people unable to work or become as productive
- Cuba- trade sanctions against them- difficult to develop due to restrictions
- Egypt- supported by America- geopolitical reasons to maintain political stability in Middle East- given billions of pounds of aid in past few decades
- Ethiopia- natural or man made disasters- drought- destroyed crops- famines
- Kuwait- more developed as huge amounts of natural resources- oil- huge revenues derived- use to spend on services like roads
- Nepal- extremely difficult terrain- farming, transport and building difficult
- Sri Lanka and Thailand- more developed- encourage tourists who spend money and create jobs- more taxes- reinvested in services
- Human and physical conditions that put people at risk of spreading water related diseases
- female anopheles mosquito carries and spreads disease- habitat= humid climate + annual temperatures of 15-40*C
- found in altitudes of up to 3000 metres- above this is too cold for them (temp drops 1*C every 100m)
- vegetation- provides shade- place to rest and digest meals
- breed close to stagnant water- lay larvae in marshes, lakes and river ponds
- while marshlands have been drained- development has meant the construction of new dams, reservoirs and irrigation ditches creating stagnant water pools
- increasing population- encourages people to live closer to affected areas that were previously avoided- close to river pools- mosquito can’t travel more that 2km from water source
- shanty towns- ideal for mosquitoes- lots of stagnant pools- as many as 1 million people living in a square mile- feed and reproduce effectively
- spread of malaria faster in areas where people work outside with exposed skin when mosquitoes are most active- dawn and dusk
- increase in tourism to affected areas can lead to the disease moving into new places leading to spread of malaria
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- Social and economic impacts of water related disease
- Life expectancy lowered and death rates increased- malaria kills over 1 million people each year- over 90% of deaths in Africa
- countries spend money treating malarial patients, education programmes, prevention approaches and research into disease- takes away from other important services like education
- roll back malaria reports that some of the most affected countries spend up to 40% of their health budget on treating malaria
- affected have prolonged absences from work and school- impacts levels of attainment and economic output which limits the development of a country
- UNICEF reports- Africa would have a GDP of $12 billion if malaria was eradicated
- in some area harvests can be down by 50%- labour needed is not available due to illness such as malaria- less income and food in struggling towns and villages
- For HDI name three indicators and effectiveness
•Composite indicator combined income- purchasing power- length of life and education- measuring development helps overcome problems with narrow or single indicators giving a more accurate depiction
(Pt 1,2 and 4 from problems with indicators)
•Single economic indicators don’t take purchasing power into account- may appear less developed/have lower quality of life- £1 will go a lot further and buy more necessities in some parts of the world
- Methods used to try to control the spread of malaria and evaluate effectiveness
•drainage of breeding grounds- every 7 days to get rid of stagnant water- prevent breeding- reduces amount of mosquitoes
-limited effectiveness- very expensive- impractical as larvae can hatch in puddles and tin cans- tropical areas rainfall makes this very difficult
•spray oil film- suffocate larvae in small ponds or puddles- reduce amounts in area
-ineffective- very expensive- wasteful- impossible to cover all surfaces- pollutes water- kills other insects- disrupts whole food chain
•anopheles- vector for parasite- insecticide malathion kills mosquito
-limited- highly pollutive to all ecosystems- stains walls and houses horrible yellow- locals complain of bad smell- becoming resistant
•coconuts impregnated with BTI bacteria- thrown in larvae infested pools- larvae eat bacteria and it destroys stomach lining
-very effective- cheap- grow well in tropical climates- only 2-3 needed to control larvae for a month
•genetic engineering- introduce sterile males and laboratory bred mercenary mosquitoes- can’t breed- reduces numbers- reduces spread
-uncertain effectiveness- in research stage- likely expensive- may be public concerns- could affect food chain if mosquitoes are wiped out
•public education- health campaigns- advising people to stay in at dawn and dark
-very effective- very cheap- although requires huge organisational skills- many countries can’t afford
•long life bed nets dipped in insecticides- stops people getting bitten when sleeping- stops spread
-very successful at reducing spread- nets need to be regularly re-treated and £5 cost is too expensive for most in developing world
•planting eucalyptus- soak up water in marshland- takes away stagnant water- reduced breeding grounds
-ineffective- ideal shade for mosquitoes to rest and digest blood meals
•traditional cures- quinine- kills parasite once inside human host- used for decades
-limited/ increasing plasemodium resistance to quinine over past few decades due to overuse by American soldiers during Vietnam war
•new anti-malarial drug- atabrine- developed to kill parasite after person is infected
-limited- substitute expensive and unpleasant side effects- sickness severe headaches- many people refuse it- parasite becoming immune
