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AS Geography > Population > Flashcards

Population Flashcards

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1
Q

Birth rate

A

The number of live births per 1000 people per year

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2
Q

Death rate

A

The number of deaths per 1000 people per year

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3
Q

Fertility rate

A

The average number of children a woman of child bearing age (15-44) will have

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4
Q

IMR

A

Number of babies which die before their first birthday per 1000 live births per year

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5
Q

Life expectancy

A

The average length of time which someone is expected to live for

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6
Q

Population density

A

The average number of people per km^2 in a country

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7
Q

Longevity

A

The increase in life expectancy overtime

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8
Q

Natural change

A

The birth rate minus death rate. The population will increase if the birth rate is greater than the death rate.

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11
Q

Human development index

A

A statistical tool used to gauge a country’s overall socioeconomic development

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13
Q

What are the 5 stages of the DTM called?

A

1) high fluctuating
2) early expanding
3) late expanding
4) low fluctuating
5) decline

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14
Q

Average BR and DR in stage 1 of the DTM

A

Both around 35/1000

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15
Q

Average BR and DR for a stage 2 country

A

BR:35/1000
DR: 15/1000

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16
Q

What are the average BR and DR for a stage 3 country?

A

BR: 13/1000
DR: 10/1000

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17
Q

Average BR and DR for a stage 4 country

A

Both 10/1000

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18
Q

Pros of the DTM

A

1) it shows how a population can change over time
2) it is easy to compare different countries on
3) it allows you to forecast how a country’s population may change

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19
Q

What are the disadvantages of the DTM

A

1) it is Eurocentric
2) the original DTM didn’t have a stage 5 it was added later
3) it doesn’t take into account development indicators such as education and the role of women. Both of which have an impact on birth rate
4) Religion and customs may affect how a population changes. The DTM fails to take this into account
5) Extreme poverty and low levels of development may prevent initial population growth preventing some LDC’s from advancing through the stages
6) The DTM can’t predict when a country will reach a certain stage or how long it will take to get through it
7) It doesn’t consider migration
8) Factors such as war, population policies and HIV/AIDS can affect population change

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20
Q

When did the UK go through each stage in the DTM?

A 
Stage 1- prehistoric times to 1760
Stage 2- 1760-1880
Stage 3- 1880-1940
Stage 4- 1940-present day
Stage 5- present day onwards
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21
Q

What are the bands of sex age pyramids called?

A

Cohorts

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22
Q

What are the factors which interrelate to cause population growth?

A

1) health
2) education
3) social provision
4) cultural factors
5) political factors
6) environmental factors

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23
Q

What are the benefits of a census?

A

1) Valuable information for governments, helps in decision making about where to spend resource e.g. Health, education, employment
2) Records trends over the previous decade and helps future planning
3) Helps governments predict migration patterns and changes in population structure
4) allows governments to estimate demand for housing

24
Q

What does a census provide information on?

A

Employment, ethnicity, housing and education

25
Q

How often is a census carried out in the UK?

A

Every 10 years

26
Q

How do retailers, financial services, advertisers and property developers benefit from a census?

A

1) Provides information on regional lifestyles
2) Companies can target marketing campaigns on postcode areas
3) Allows insurance companies to make more accurate risk assessments
4) Allows shops to stock area appropriate foods e.g. More ready meals in an area with a high proportion of single adults

27
Q

What are some of the issues with a census?

A

1) They see them as a threat to privacy
2) Some people don’t return them
3) conflicts and political conditions can make them difficult to carry out

28
Q

What is the replacement rate in terms of fertility?

A

The rate at which a country’s population can sustain itself (2.1)

29
Q

Name 3 countries which have already seen falls in population

A

Italy
Russia
Portugal

30
Q

What is the dependency ratio?

A

It shows the relationship between the working population and the dependent population
(population 0-19 + pop 60+)/ population 20-59

31
Q

The support ratio

A

The inverse of the dependency ratio

32
Q

Juvenility index

A

Young dependents (0-19)
Divided by:
The working population (20-59)

33
Q

Old age index

A

Elderly dependents 60+
Divided by:
The working population 20-59

34
Q

Name 4 population pessimists

A

1) Malthus 1798
2) Neo-Malthusians
3) The club of Rome
4) Ehrlich

35
Q

What were the population pessimists views?

A

Population would increase leading to:

  • increased demand for food
  • less food per person
  • increased morality
  • decreased fertility
  • decline in population
36
Q

What were the population pessimists supporting evidence?

A
  • wars and famines in Ethiopia, Sudan, Sahel
  • FAO: over 800 million people are chronically malnourished, 2 billion lack food security
  • population growth in LEDC’s accelerated after mortality fell
  • water scarcity is predicted to become a major issue
  • Ehlrich says there is a hopeless imbalance between food production and population
  • climate change: Bali roadmap
37
Q

Who are the population optimists?

A

1) Boserup
2) Simon
3) Lomborg

38
Q

What do the population optimists believe?

A

1) population increases sooooo
2) there’s an increased demand for food
3) improvements in technology
4) population growth continues unchecked

39
Q

What were the 8 millennium goals development goals?

A

1) eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2) achieve universal primary education
3) promote gender equality and empower women
4) reduce child mortality
5) improve maternal health
6) combat HIV/AIDS malaria and other diseases
7) ensure environmental sustainability
8) develop a global partnership for development

40
Q

Sustainable development was defined where, when and how was it expressed ?

A 
Where: Stockholm 
When: 1972
How was it expressed: 
-maintain ecological processes
- preserve genetic diversity
- ensure the sustainable utilisation of species and ecosystems
41
Q

What did the Brundtland report (1987) define sustainability as?

A

‘Development which meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’

42
Q

How did economic sustainability take the original definition of sustainability further?

A

It incorporated the ability for economies to sustain themselves when resources decline or become too expensive, and when populations dependent on these are growing.

43
Q

Name 3 other international summits focused on sustainable development

A

1) Rio 1992
2) Kyoto 1997
3) Johannesburg 2002

44
Q

What are the principles of environmental sustainability as defined by the international summits?

A
  • people should be at the heart of concerns regarding development
  • states should have the right to exploit their own land but shouldn’t damage that if others
  • laws should be enhanced regarding liability for pollution and compensation
  • states should pass on information about natural disasters and notify neighbours of the unforeseen consequences and accidental consequences of any activities that may cross boundaries
45
Q

What are the principles of economic sustainability as defined by the international summits?

A
  • the right to development must be fulfilled to meet the needs of the present and future generations
  • all states should cooperate in eliminating poverty in order to decrease disparities in standards of living
  • the special needs of developing countries, particularly the least developed and environmentally most vulnerable should be given priority
  • unsustainable consumption and production patterns should be eliminated and appropriate demographic policies should be promoted
46
Q

Describe a sex age pyramid for a youthful population

A 
An expansive shape 
cohorts that tapers upwards
It is concave
wide base indicating high birth rate
Few cohorts above 60 indicating a low life expectancy
47
Q

What do bulges on the sex age pyramid at the ages of 20-30 indicate?

A

Immigration of young professionals

48
Q

Describe a sex age pyramid fro an ageing population

A

It has an contracting shape
A narrow base indicating a low birth rate
Bulge around middle age
More bands above 60 indicating a higher life expectancy

49
Q

Overpopulation

A

Where there are too many people for an area of land with the current level of technology to maintain a good standard of living

50
Q

Underpopulation

A

Where there are too few people in an area to use the resources efficiently. This is characterised by high but not maximum GDP, low levels of unemployment and inward migration

51
Q

Optimum population

A

Theoretical stage where population and resources are at a perfect balance

AS Geography (45 decks)

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