Migration

Question 1

What are the scales of migration?

Answer 1

International, internal, local

Question 2

Forced migration

Answer 2

The migrant has to migrate because of circumstances

Question 3

International migration

Answer 3

The UN defined this as the movement of people across national frontiers, for a minimum of year 1

Question 4

Migration

Answer 4

A permanent or semi-permanent change of residence of an individual or group of people

Question 5

Net migration

Answer 5

Immigration-emigration for an area

Question 6

Rural-Urban migration

Answer 6

The movement of people from a rural area to an urban area

Question 7

Urban-Rural migration

Answer 7

The movement of people from an urban area to a rural

Question 8

Voluntary migration

Answer 8

The migrant makes the decision to migrate

Question 9

Distance decay

Answer 9

The further from the source region you go the less migrants from that region there will be

Question 10

Refugee

Answer 10

Defined by the UN as persons unable or unwilling to return to their homeland for fear of persecution, based on reasons of race, religion, ethnicity or political opinion, or those who have been displaced forcibly by other factors.

Question 11

Causes of refugee migration

Answer 11

Often war
Such migrations are often temporary, after the event which catalysed the migration has ended the migrants return to their former homes

Question 12

Recent examples of refugee migration

Answer 12

1) 2 million from Ethiopia, Sudan, Somalia as a result of famine and civil war
2) 6 million from Mozambique as a result of civil war, famine and flooding
3) 1 million Kurds from northern Iraq, fleeing flooding
4) 1 million Afghans into neighbouring Pakistan fleeing civil strife and war
5) 100,000 Tamils fleeing oppression and civil war in Sri Lanka
6) 7000 montserrations fleeing the Soufrière hills volcanic eruption

Question 13

Asylum seekers

Answer 13

‘The formal application by a refugee to reside in a country when they arrive in that country.’ The numbers seeking asylum have increased steadily in recent years as countries seek to curtail immigration

Question 14

Social effects of migration on the area of origin

Answer 14

Marriage rates fall
Family structures breakdown
Departure of males and young families may lead to a loss of cultural leadership

Question 15

Economic effects of migration on the area of origin

Answer 15

Those with skills and education leave causing a labour shortage
Reduced pressure on resources e.g. Farmland
Area benefits from remittances
Migrants may return with new skills
Farming declines and land is abandoned

Question 16

Social Effects of migration on the area of destination

Answer 16

Marriage rates rise
Arrival of new groups can cause friction
Social tensions may increase
New food, music and clothes introduced to the area

Question 17

Economic Issues migration causes for the area of origin

Answer 17

• Loss of young adult workforce
• Loss of those with entrepreneurial skills- can slow economic development
• loss of labour may put off inward investment

Question 18

Economic benefits created by migration for the source area

Answer 18

Reduce underemployment
Returning migrants being new skills- can help revitalise the economy
Remittances which can be invested in new services etc
Less pressure on resources e.g. Health care and food

Question 19

Social issues of migration for the source area

Answer 19

• Many people from the same generate migrating can lead to a ‘lost generation’ this has a negative effect on social structure
• greater proportion of females left behind, imbalance in population pyramid, long term consequences

Question 20

Social benefits of migration for the source area

Answer 20

• Population density decreases as does BR
• Remittances help improve services such as education and health
• Returning returned migrants increase demand for improved services e.g. Better leisure facilities

Question 21

Economic issues of migration for the destination area

Answer 21

• cost of educating migrants children
• over-dependence of some industries on migrants
• much of the money earned is put towards remittances
• increased pressure on resources and services e.g. Education and health

Question 22

Economic benefits of migration for the destination area

Answer 22

• economic migrants take up less desirable jobs
• host area gains skilled labour at a reduced cost
• ‘skills gap’ may be filled by migrant workers
• costs of retirement transferred back to source area

Question 23

Social issues of migration for the destination area

Answer 23

• Dominance of males is reinforced especially in countries where the status of women is low e.g. Th gulf states
• Aspects of cultural identity are lost esp. among 2nd gen migrants
• segregated areas for similar ethnic groups and schools are dominated by migrant children

Question 24

Social benefits of migration for the destination area

Answer 24

• Creation of multiethnic and multicultural society which increases the understanding of other cultures
• An influx of new providers of social services
• Growth of ethnic retailing and areas associated with ethnic food outlets