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Sem 2 - MSK > Popliteal Fossa, Anterolateral leg and Posterior Lower Leg > Flashcards

Popliteal Fossa, Anterolateral leg and Posterior Lower Leg Flashcards

1
Q

What is the popliteal fossa?

A

A diamond shaped space behind the knee.

It is a protective passageway for neurovascular structures to cross the knee joint and enter the lower limb.

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2
Q

What are the borders of the popliteal fossa?

A

Semimembranosus - Superiomedial

Biceps Femoris -Superiolateral

Plataris

Lateral head of the gastrocnemius -Inferiolateral

Medial head of the gastrocnemius -Inferiomedial

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3
Q

What are the contents of the popliteal fossa?

A

Popliteal artery

Popliteal vein

Tibial nerve

Common fibular (peroneal) nerve

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4
Q

What are the superior muscles of the posterior thigh?

A
  • Gastrocnemius
  • Plantaris
  • Soleus

They all form the calcaneal (achilles) tendon which inserts into the calcaneal bone.

They also form the characteristic shape of the calf

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5
Q

Gastrocnemius (origin, insertion, action, innervation)

A

This is the most superficial muscle

Origin: Has 2 heads arising from the medial and lateral femoral condyles which form a single belly.

Insertion: Attches via the calcaneal tendon to the calcaneum.

Action:

  • Flexes the knee (weak) and plantar flexes the ankle joint (strong)
  • Produces forceful contractions, in movement like running and jumping

Innervation: by the tibial nerve (branch of the sciatic nerve)

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6
Q

Plantaris (origin, insertion, action, innervation)

A

A small easy muscle with a very long tendon. It is easy to mistake for a nerve and absent in about 10% of people.

Origin: Lateral supracondyle line of the fumur

Insertion: Via the cacaneal tendon into the calcaneum

Action:

-Flexes the knee (very weak) and plantarflexes the ankle (very weak); not vital at either joint.

Innervated by the tibial nerve.

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7
Q

Soleus (origin, insertion, action, innervation)

A

A large flat muscle deep to the gastrocnemius (said to resemble a sole fish)

Origin: Soleal line of the tibia and proximal fibular

Insertion: via calcaneal tendon into calcaneum

Action: Plantarflexes the ankle

Innervated by the tibial nerve

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8
Q

Calcaneal tendon

A

Formed by the blending of tendons from the superficial muscles

Inserts on the calcaneal bone

2 associated bursa

  • Superficial (between the tendon and the skin)
  • Deep (between the tendons and bone)

Problems: Achilies Tendonitis and Achilies Rupture

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9
Q

What muscles are in the deep compartment of the leg?

A

The four deep muscles are:

  • Poplitius
  • Tibialis posterior
  • Flexor hallucis longus
  • Flexor digitorum Longus
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10
Q

Popliteus (origin, insertion, action, innervation)

A

Origin: Posterior Tibia

Insertion: Lateral femoral condyle

Action: Lateral rotation of the femur on the tibia, unlocking the knee.

Innervated by the tibial nerve.

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11
Q

Flexor Digitorum Longus (origin, insertion, action, innervation)

A

Small muscle located posteromedially

Origin: Originates from the medial tibial posteriorly

Insertion: Plantar surface of the lateral four (2-5) digits

Action: flexes the toes and plantarflexes the ankle, inverts the midfoot.

Innervated by the tibial nerve,

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12
Q

Flexor Hallucis Longus (origin, insertion, action, innervation)

A

Found on the posterolateral side

Origin: Posterior Fibula

Insertion: Plantar surface of the distal phalanx of the great toe (hallux)

Action:

  • Flexion of the great toe and plantarflexion of the ankle
  • Inversion of the midfoot.

Innervated by the tibial nerve

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13
Q

Tibialis Posterior (origin, insertion, action, innervation)

A

The deepest of the muscles, lies between FDL and FHL.

Origin: Posterior surface of interosseous membrane between the tibia and the fibula

Insertion: Tendons enters the foot posterior to the medial malleolus and attatches to the plantar surface of the navicular, medial cuniform (tarsal bones) and plantar surface of the metatarsals 2-4.

Actions:

  • Inversion - Principle inverter of the foot
  • Plantarflexion of the ankle
  • Also maintains the medial arch of the foot

Innervated by the tibial nerve.

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14
Q

What is the relationship at the medial malleolus?

A

Tom -Tibialis Posterior

Dick - Flexor Digitorum Longus

A Very Nervous -Tibialis Posterior Artery, Tibial Vein, Tibial Nerve

Harry - Flexor Hallucis Longus

(then the calcaneal tendon at the back)

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15
Q

What are the four muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg? What is their role?

A
  • Tibialis anterior
  • Extensor digitorum longus
  • Extensor hallucis longus
  • Fibularis (peroneus) tertius

They collectively act to dorsiflex and invert the foot at the ankle joint.

The extensor digitorum longus and the extensor hallucis longus also extend the toes

Innervated by the deep fibular (peroneal) nerve (L4-L5).

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16
Q

Tibialis Anterior (origin, insertion, action)

A

Origin: Lateral surface of the anterior tibia

Insertion: Middle cuneiform and first metatarsal

Action: Dorsiflexion and inversion of the foot

17
Q

Extensor digitorum longus (origin, insertion, action)

A

Lies lateral and deep to the tibialis anterior

Origin: Lateral epicondyle of the tibia and anteromedial surface of the fibula

Insertion: Tendon over dorsum of foot splits into four slips. Each slip inserts onto the middle and distal phalanges of the lateral four toes.

Action: Extension of the lateral four toes and dorsiflextion of the foot.

18
Q

Fibularis Tertius (origin, insertion, action)

A

Also known as the peroneus tertius

Not present in all induviduals

Origin: Anteromedial surface of the fibula (with extensor digitorum longus)

Insertion: Fifth metatarsal

Action: Eversion and dorsiflextion of the foot.

19
Q

What are the two muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg? Their role and innervation?

A
  • Fibularis (peroneus) longus
  • Fibularis (peroneus) brevis

Both evert the midfoot

Innervated by the superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve (L4-S1)

20
Q

Fibularis Longus (origin, insertion, action)

A

Origin: Superior and lateral surface of fibula and lateral tibial condyle.

Insertion: Tendon descends posterior to the lateral malleolus, crosses under the foot to insert on medial cuneiform and base of first metatarsal.

Actions: Eversion of the midfoot and plantarlexion of the ankle.

21
Q

Fibularis Brevis (origin, insertion, action)

A

Origin: Inferolateral surface of fibular shaft

Insertion: Descends posterior to lateral malleolus, over cacaneus ans cuboid to insert in base of 5th metatarsal.

Actions: Eversion of the midfoot

22
Q

What are the main arteries that supply the lower leg?

A
  • Popliteal artery
  • Peroneal artet
  • Anterior tobial artery
  • Posterior tibial artery
  • Dorsalis pedis
23
Q

What is rhe venous supply to the leg?

A

Split into superficial and deep veins

Superficial

  • Located in subcutaneous tissue of the lower limb
  • Drain venous blood from skin and foot, eventually drain into deep veins
    • Short saphenous vein (posterior leg)
    • Great saphenous vein (medial leg and thigh)
  • Clinical relevance - Varicose veins.

Deep

  • ​Located under the deep fascia of the lower limb.
  • Generally travel in the same sheath with corresponding artery
    • Popliteal vein
    • Posterior tibial vein
  • Clinical relevance - DVT

Sem 2 - MSK (22 decks)

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