Basic Concepts Flashcards
From which germ layer to bone, muscle and connective tissue arise from?
The mesoderm
What are the functions of bone?
Support - to stand up
Protection - eg ribs protect lungs
Metabolic - Store of calcium and phosphate
Storage - stores minerals, proteins and fat
Movement (I.e. joints) - as levers
Haematopoiesis - For the production of blood cells.
What are the functions of skeletal muscle?
Locomotion (the ability to move) Posture Metabolic Venous return - leg muscles Heat production Continence - pelvic floor
What are the types of connective tissue (and their functions)?
Tendons - Force transmission of muscle-bone
Ligaments - Support bone-bone
Fascia (sheets of connective tissue) - compartmentalisation and protection
Cartilage:
Articular (end of bone contributing to joints and made of hyaline cartiladge)- decreased friction
Fibrocartilage - Shock absorption and increased boney congruity
Synovial membrane -secretes synovial fluid for joints and tendon lubrication
Bursa - Synovial fluid-filled sacs to protect tendons, ligaments ect from friction.
What things give bone its mechanical properties?
Collagen and Calcium phosphate
Calcium phosphate - compressive strength
Collagen - tensile strength
The calcium and the phosphate can be liberated or stored depending on loop levels.
What are the two types of bone?
Compacts bone
Spongy bone
What are the classifications of bone?
Long bone (humerus / femur) - act as levers Short bones (as long as they as wide) -work together to give us a great range of movement Flat bones (sternum / skull) - Protection Sesamoid bone - protective and mechanical functions Irregular bone (vertebrae) -most abundant in axial skeleton in midline.
What is the major blood supply to bones called? What are the supplementary vessels called?
Major : Nutrient artery
Superficial arteries of bone : Periosteal arteries
What is the role of the epiphyseal artery?
What happens if this blood supply is cut off.
This is the blood supply to the epipphyses (end of bone, where growth occurs).
If blood supply is cut off, you get avascular necrosis. This condition is particularly important in fractures of the scaphoid an neck of femur.
What are the important concepts of joints?
They connect one bone to another
Greater variation in range of movement
Range of movement is related to stability. - They higher the range of movement, the less stable.
What are the three classifications of joints?
Fibrous joints
Cartilaginous
Synovial
What are fibrous joints?
Essentially collagen fibre joining bones.
Very limited mobility.
Found where great strength and stability are required.
What are cartilaginous joint?
Cartilage acts as ‘glue’ holding bones together.
Limited mobility
Two types (primary and secondary)
Found at ends of growing bones to along the midline of the adult.
What are synovial joints?
Separate bones are capped by smooth articular cartilage with a thin film of synovial separating them .
Highly mobile
Found all over the skeleton
What are the types of synovial joints?
Plane (feet) - flat surfaces that slide against each other.
Hinge (elbow) - only one direction
Pivot (elbow) - peg in hole -allows pronation and supernation
Saddle (like Pringles) - movement in PCR plane
Candyloid
Ball and socket
