Pop and Environment- 9 markers Flashcards
Assess the extent to which population size, density and distribution are affected by the physical environment (9 marks)
- climate change= coastal towns flooding due to increased sea levels in Bangladesh= large migration from coastal to urban cities= high density in slums with 70% in slums in Dhaka having moved due to flooding
Natural hazards= montserrat south is volcanically active= 8,000/12,000 migrating to the north - pop increase largely influenced by cultural reasons and e.g limited education and employment for women = natural increase with fertility rates as high as 7.0 in 1970 in Bangladesh
Assess how population distribution is likely to change in the future (
1.Urbanisation:
1. The global trend towards urbanization will likely continue, with more people moving to cities, particularly in developing regions like sub-Saharan
Africa and parts of Asia.
2. Cities are becoming economic hubs, offering job opportunities, healthcare, and education, which will continue to attract rural populations. As a result,
areas like Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and parts of Latin America will experience an increasing concentration of populationsin urban areas.
2.Migration:
1. Internal migration: In many countries, people will continue to migrate within their own countries, moving from rural to urban areas or from economically depressed areas to more prosperous ones (e.g., in the UK, people moving from Northern England to London).
2. International migration: Factors such as conflict, economic opportunity, and climate change will likely drive future international migration patterns. For example, countries with aging populations (e.g., Japan, much of Europe) may experience increased immigration to address labour shortages, while conflict zones (e.g., parts of Africa and the Middle East) may see outflows of people seeking safety.
Climate Change:
1. Sea-level rise: Coastal populations (e.g., in low-lying areas such as Bangladesh, the Maldives) will be at risk due to rising sea levels, leading to potential
migration inland or to higher ground.
evaluate the strategies used to ensure food security
1) -increased crop yield in Burkina Faso by 21%- insect resistant cotton
-large scale 3/4 of agricultre in burkina faso and can be drought resistant and tackle soil erosion in the semi arid area
2) gm exensive and no longterm safety evidence, hydroponics= reduce water usage= god in arid areas, Almeria Spain hydroponics= 2.5 mil-3.5 mil tons of fruit and veg- independent of soil erosion issues in southern spain
assess the relationship between climate and human numbers and activities in one major climatic zone
arid climate:
1. -pop number= low due to low water and food security due to soil erosion and less thtn 250mm of rain per year= sahara desert 2.5 million
- nomadic agriculture and uneven distribution- around water e.g most of egypts pop within 12 mile radius of nile river
- can be positive and adapted= burkina faso magic stones= conserve water
how far do you agree that global food security can never be achieved
can’t be acheived:
1.uneven distribution of food consumption, HICs wield more power and money= consume more food e.g 3500kcal daily/ person in North America and europe= LICs consumes less with 60% of world hunger in Asia
2. increasing climate change= soil erosion = 80million tons of topsoil lost per year in southern spain= less agricultural productivity
can be achieved:
-GM food/ crops e.g Burkina Faso increased crop yields by 21% due to insect resistant cotton
assess the extent to which population change in one country you have studied fits the demographic transition model
bangladesh:
-fits:
stage 2= high birth rates and lowering death rate br= 19/1000 and dr= 5/1000
-stage 3= entering with birth and death rates slowing= with contraception increase from 9% to 60% and women gaining employment
doesn’t fit
-doesn’t account for pop change caused by migration= many economic migrants and $1mill of repatriations
assess the likely impacts of climate change on attempts to increase food security
challenges:
1.increased temps= reduced rain/ water for irrigation= desertification= 80 million tonns of topsoil lost in southern spain= less agriculture
2.increased co2= ocean acidification- 30% increase since pre industrialisation= fish killed= less food
can help:
-increased growing periods e.g uk due to hotter and wetter weather= since 60s growing season is month longer= more and new crops
-though existing crops may die
assess the impact of cultural controls on the natural population change of a named country or society
1)
-cultural controls= significant= expectation of women to be unemployed and raise large family= fertility rate as high as 7.0 in 1970= birth rate exceeded death rate but dropped now as women gain more rights (emancipation) to rate of 2.0 =
2)economic controls
-lack of investment in sanitation in 1960s= infant mortality rate as high as 11.0= more children by women to ensure successfull births= once sanitation improved= pop growth and infant mortality decreased
-furthermore= 6% annual economic increase= investment in infrastructure+ education + healthcare= decreased death rate, steadying birth rate (more contraception) = demographic dividend, 3332q
how far do you agree with the statement that deteriorating soil quality is due to management rather than natural causes
management:
-overcultivation= 80 mil tons of topsoil lost each year in southern spain= less fertile soil
-miss-management of water abstraction= spain= illegal boreholes made by farmers to supply crops with water = uses 70% of groundwater depleted= increases salinity and pH of soil
natural:
-in deserts= flooding= waterlogging and leaching= imlil episodic flood, 70mm rain in 3 hours
6m depth
with reference to two climatic types you have studied, asses the extent to which precipitation influences human activities
precipitation= big influence
-lack of= less than 250mm of rain in deserts= water insecurity= people migrate and distribute near water sources e.g Nubian aquifer Egypt 90% of pop located within 12 mile radius
-episodic flash floods= imlil flash flood= impacting poeple activity
-temps impact human activity most in polar regions= arctic= -40 degrees in winter= frozen ground= crops struggle to grow= nomadic farming and hunting
assess how far non-communicable disease morbidity is due to socio-economic factors
CHD= mostly caused by socio-economic factors
1. high disposable income= able to buy more food+ variety of food including unhealthy USA with ~450,000 deaths and one of worlds highest gdp
2. disposable income available for consumption of substances which increase risk of disease e.g alcohol and cigarettes
physical:
-air pollution/ quality can increase risk of developing disease= air pollution is responsible for more than 6 million deaths each year world wide
evaluate the role of international agencies and or NGOs in combating disease and so advancing epidemiological transition
successful= WHO
1. erradicated smallpox in 1980= less disease= improved health
2. successful distribution of vaccines= 72% of people received 1 dose of covid19 vaccine= increased imunity, tackling pandemics
failures:
-global efforts and lack of funding, challenges of eradicating certain disease e.g still 39million people living with HIV/AIDS= lack of education in LICs= health inequality
assess the view that malaria/ CHD can never be effectively managed
malaria:
can:
-IRS= spray that can eradicate mosquitoes from inside for 3-6 months- can be expensive £35/ year
-malaria no more= $3bn invested by Gates foundation
cannot:
-malaria still kills 600,000 people/year in africa+ climate change= increased global distribution of mosquitoes
CHD
can:
NHS campaign/ stop smoking service
-healthy school meals
cannot:
-individual choice, world’s biggest killer
To what extent can economic migrants enable countries to achieve a
Demographic Dividend?
demographic dividend= when country’s dependency ratio falls fast and goes through high economic growth
1. can enable
-home countries= more jobs available for women due to large young male pop economic migrants and remittances= dependency ratio falls as more women work and economic growth through remittances e.g Bangladesh $1 billion per month in remittances
-host countries= increased young working class pop= increased labour input increased economic output= growth
- can make it difficult in host country due to strains on services and limit economic growth e.g Poland to Peterborough migration of 1.5 million people
