changing places Flashcards
Bristol regeneration project
improvements:
social:
-£300 million pounds invested into revitalisation= enriching old derelict industrial sites with entertainment and leisure since 1980s. e.g M-shed, zazabazzar = new jobs, entertainment, standards of living.
economic:
-new businesses and companies, 142 new apartments = multiplier effect, jobs created, profit
-3,000 jobs created
environmental:
-removal of arsenic from the harbourside
-clean air zone scheme
-brownfield sites regenerated
unsuccess:
social:
-social inequality, homelessness- iLiveHere rating of 9/10 on housing barriers (unaffordable housing) = tensions with DINKYS and locals
economic:
-downturn on economic activity seen in 21st century e.g iMax cinema and the Aquarium
environmental
-traffic congestion, construction =carbon
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explain the time line of St Pauls
1948- The Nationality Act = encouraged migration of the Windrush generation and Jamaican influx to rebuild post war economy
1960s - Civil Rights movement and Bristol Bus company boycott due to refusual of employing non-white people
1968- Race relations Act - made it illegal to refuse of housing, employment, public services to a person of colour
1970s - economic downturn, deindustrialisation = web of despair - decline, despair and deprivation
1980s - Sus Law = St Pauls Riots, police raided Black and White Cafe - 130 arrested (tension due to inequality)
1990s - The Aggy Crew, Yardies - £10 mil/year from drug sales sent back to Jamaica
2000s - increased diversity, gentrification, hipsters from London, Cabot circus built - £500 mil, New homes but only 25/230 affordable
explain governmental policies as agents of change in St Pauls
1) The Nationality Act (international) 1948 = Encouraged migration of the Windrush gen and Jamaicans
2)Race Relations Act (national) 1968 = The Act made it illegal to refuse housing , employment or public services to a person one the ground of colour, race ethnic or national origins. Key driver was the Bristol Bus boycott
3) Sus Law (national) 1980 = this law allowed the stop and search of anybody that looked suspicious, this lead to tensions and the St Pauls Riots
4) Planning Permission to Places for People (Regional) 2018 = 230 new home (25 affordable) to be built on the Dove Lane industrial site next to St Pauls, gentrification, London hipsters migration
how has the flow of people changed the character of St Pauls?
demographic characteristics: influx of jamaicans and windrush generation, African-Carribean population grew, census 2011 pop grew from 6,000 to 8,500
cultural characteristics: Rastafarianism, music, food, art, St pauls carnival (100,000 people attend)
economic characteristics; windrush generation came to help rebuild economy post war but were faced with colour bars, housing discrimination which lead to limited jobs and poverty causing deprivation. 13% unemployment rate (double national average.
social inequality: racism, poor access to jobs, web of despair .10% most deprived area
how has the flow of money/ resources affected the character of St Pauls
demography characteristics: gentrification causing house prices to increase (230 new houses with only 25 affordable) = black population replaced by Hipsters/ DINKYs (15% of Londoners moving to south west move to bristol - most popular for Londoners)
cultural characteristics: Jamaican culture oppressed, racial tension rise
economic characteristics: gentrification and regeneration, highly skilled workers from London = boosting local economy
social inequality: poor outcompeted in their own neighbourhood
how has the flow of ideas affected the characteristic of St Pauls
demographic characteristic: the promise of new jobs= windrush generation, gentrification = influx of hipsters
cultural characteristics= diverse culture
economic characteristics: economic downturn post war, windrush gen tried to rebuild, gentrification cabot circus
social inequality: continued tensions between different ethnic groups
how have local communities and individual agents of change impacted St Pauls?
1) Paul Stevenson -social worker who led the Bristol Bus Boycott in 1963 for 60 days which led to the colour bar being revoked, his campaigns were instrumental in paving the way to The Race Relation Act in 1965
2) The Aggy Crew and the Yardies - Gang and drug violence increased, £10 mil from selling drugs
3) DINKYs and Hipsters from London, wealthy individuals causing gentrification, tensions rising, unaffordable housing.
explain the time line of detroit
- 1903-13 ford GM assembly lines invented
- 20th century Steel Belt Boom
- The Great Migration due to ford offering $5 per hour (african american population grew)
-White Flight, 500k white people above 8 mile road
-1970s oil crisis due to war in Middle East= competition with Japan
-detroit named murder capital, race riots 7000 arressted
-36% of population below poverty line
-redlining, racial tensions, Birwood Wall
-decentralisation, urban doughnut effect
-2000s Dan Gilbert purchased 15 buildings in downtown area = regeneration
how have different flows created demographic change in detroit?
1)flow of people:
-The Great Migration 1910-70 120,000 african americans in detroit
-White Flight
2)Money:
-Boom, The Big 3= attractive, multiplier effect, trickle down effect
-Bust- wealthy skilled white people moved away
-Regeneration leading to repopulation by more affluent people
3) Ideas
-Assembly lines= attracted people for jobs
-oil crisis (competition with Japan, decentralisation= population change, white flight, poverty
-regeneration = caused positive multiplier attracting people
4)Resources:
-proximity to raw materials saw the rise of industry and the associated work force
-Regeneration- improvements in transport, urban gardens = attractive so attracts people
how have different flows created cultural change in detroit?
1) People:
-Motown music
-regeneration= new mindset of progressive thinking people
2)Money
-Boom= influx of investment = pull factor especially African Americans
-Bust = outflow of money = white flight
-Regeneration inflow of hipsters
3)Ideas:
-motown music
-regeneration
4) Resources:
-same as money
how have different flows created Social Inequality in detroit?
1) People
-segregation
-8 mile road vs Grosse Pointe Park
2)Money
-African Americans couldn’t initially access better paid jobs = race riots
-segregation (wealth)
-Regeneration = attracts mostly affluent people
3)Ideas:
-Loans and mortgages only available to white people
4)Resources:
-Barriers across streets (alter road)
-Transport south of 8 Mile road not connected so people trapped
how have different flows created Economic change in detroit?
1)people
-pop growth = increased productivity = increased profit = increased tax = boom
-pop decline = productivity decline = less taxes
2)Money:
-boom = big three
-bust oil crisis, decentralisation, competition from Japan
-poverty in some places = seggregation followed
-regeneration
3) ideas:
assembly lines= very profitable
-regeneration
4)resources
-raw materials = profit
Detroit’s future and regeneraton
1) Dan Gilbert: purchased more than 15 buildings, 7000 employees = encouraged other firms to expand their downtown presence
2)Kresge Foundation contributed $50 million towards a a major reclamation and redevelopment project along city’s riverfront
3)Henry Ford Hospital recently finished $300 million renovation and announced a $1 billion expansion with commercial retail and housing space
