global governance Flashcards
how does the world health organisation promote growth and stability as well as exacerbate inequality and injustice?
stability and growth:
-eradicated smallpox from Asia south America and Africa in the 1970s
-almost eradicated polio
inequality and injustice:
-there are still 39 million people living with HIV/AIDS globally (lack of education in LICS) = Health inequality
how does the world bank/ IMF promote growth and stability as well as exacerbate inequality and injustice?
growth and stability:
-provide loans and grants to LIC and NEEs e.g to Mozambique $60 mil
inequality and injustice:
-Based in america so favour economic ideology
-free trade= benefits HICs more
-SAPs e.g privatisation and ban on export tariffs
how does the UN promote growth and stability as well as exacerbate inequality and injustice?
growth and stability:
-MDG and SDG : decreased % people living off of a $1.25 per day by 50% since 1990
-reduced proportion of population without improved drinking water by 50%
-COP , climate change conferences
inequality and injustice:
-UN decisions made by HICs so can lead to unequal flow of money to HICs
-Failed peacekeeping attempts e.g Haiti 4000 gang inmates escaped
how does global governance interact with different scales
(climate change example)
global - UN: paris agreement with aims to hold global temperatures below 1.5 degrees
international- EU :reducing greenhouse gas emissions to at least 55% below 1990 levels by 2030
national - UK parliament: reduce green house gas emissions to net zero by 2050
regional - WECA- decarbonisation of transport
local - Bristol Council : european green capital, clean air zone, park and ride
what are the threats to Antarctica and their effects
- Climate change:
-temps in Antarctica have risen by 0.5 degrees per decade (5 times faster than rest of the world)
predictions of 11 degrees warmer by 2100
- ice shrinking = reduced albedo = positive feedback loop
-ocean acidification
-food web disrupted
2.Fishing:
-high demand for krill and whales = unsustainable fishing practices =food webs disrupted = possible extinctions
-krill populations have declines by 80% since the 1970s
- Scientific research:
-ice cores source of climate change data and life in harsh environment = disruption to species
-emission and carbon footprint
-fuel leaks
-1200 staff live on antarctica - Tourism :
- approx 30k per year visit antarctica
-in 2011-12 tourism increased from 2000 to 27000
-70% of carbon footprint from cruise ships = 5.44 tons of carbon per passenger
- climate change from pollution = ice melting = habitats destroyed - Mineral Resources:
-mining for coal, oil, titanium, gold, silver
-none at present but in future could cause conflict, disruption to wildlife, increased carbon footprint.
what are the successes and failures of the international government organisation ATS (Antarctic treaty system)
Addresses scientific research threats
success:
-Membership has grown since the 1960s with 12 nation members to 52 countries
-military and nuclear testing banned eg nuclear waste and bomb testing
-Guarantees free access to research rights to all countries
Failures:
-Expires in 2048
-population growth is increasing pressure and so increase on resources = more pressure for resulting to Antarctica
-research in Antarctica can cause a threat
what are the successes and failures of the international government organisation IWC (International Whaling commission)
addresses threats of fishing
success:
-commercial whaling at pause
-areas have been designated sanctuaries 50 million km = commercial whaling banned
-legally binding
-founded in 1946
failure:
-300,000 fish per year are still caught and disposed off
-whales still hunted and legal consequences are largely non apparent
what are the successes and failures of the international government organisation The Protocol on on Environmental Protection
addresses threats of tourism and mineral eploration
success:
-45 nations signed up to the protocol in 1991 which bans all mineral resource activity and monitors human impacts and waste management, strictly monitors tourism
failures:
-44k tourist visitors in 2017
-pressure on mineral resources due to growing population
what are the successes and failures of the international government organisation UNEP
success:
maintaining stocks of icefish, toothfish and krill at or above their target biomass level, safeguarding the sustainability of the ecosystem.
failures:
-krill population has declined by 80%
evaluate the role of NGO Greenpeace
Issues:
-Little power compared to powerful countries
-not really legally binding = countries do not have to follow rules
positives:
-peaceful protest e.g preventing a Ukrainian vessel from fishing Krill
- In the 1980s, Greenpeace campaigned to create ‘World Park Antarctica’, even setting up a scientific base. won, and in 1991 the continent of Antarctica was protected from exploitation.
IAATO NGO
IAATO has been carefully monitoring, analysing and reporting Antarctic tourism trends since 1991 as part of its commitment to the effective self-management of guest activities in the region.
