hazards 9 markers Flashcards
explain the value of new technology in aiding risk management and ultimately reducing the impact of seismic hazards
argument 1:
crucial in aiding risk management:
-tuned mass damper in Taipei 101= withstood powerful 7.4 magnitude earthquake in Taiwan
-good tech in Japan Tsunami warning system DARTII uses GPS to provide warning shortly before tsunami
argument 2:
economic status and stable economies are most significant
-HIC Japan has a disaster prevention budget of over one trillion Japanese yen
evaluate the management of one seismic hazard
argument 1:
-2010 haiti managed well: 235000 people from port au prince relocated and 10,000 troops sent from US
argument 2:
-poorest country in northern hemisphere= lack of resources and initial aid at airport backlogged
-lack of investement into rehabilitation = 1 million people live in temporary shelters one year after the earthquake
evaluate the management of one volcanic hazard
argument 1: well managed
1) 11,000 people were evacuated to the North of Montserrat as a safe zone and monitoring systems were installed after initial phase one -1995 phreatic explosions- = GPS measure bulging of island and gas spectometers to detect sulphur dioxide
2) long term maintenance of exclusion zones and a 3 year development plan to fund rebuilding with $122million aid from UK
not well managed:
1) corrupt government with $1million of UK aid was ‘diverted to other causes’, the DFiD working with montserrat was audited and found to use money fraudulently in 2015 = lack of investment in rebuilding 8000 of 12000 left and most didn’t return
examine the extent to which one of the hazard models is useful in evaluating the management of an eruption that you have studied
hazard management cycle in relation to management of Montserrat
useful:
followed the general mitigation > preparedness response > recovery >
1) preparedness and response=
-monitoring systems after phase 1 with GPS and gas spectometers
-11,000 people evacuated to the North of Montserrat
2) recovery = 3 year development plan and $122 million from UK to fund rebuilding
however not useful/ viable preparedness/ mitigation
-LIC $12000 =lack of tech and investment for prepardness = volcano dome still collapsed sending 5million m2 of pyroclastic flow= nineteen died
to what extent do volcanoes and earthquakes support the theory of tectonic plate
yes:
1) Earthquakes occur at plate boundaries due to friction e.g Haiti Earthquake 2010 located on complex set of margins with conservative strike slip fault at Caribbean and N American plate = 7.3 richter scale
2) Volcanoes exist at plate boundries due to fissures and subduction e.g Montserrat on destructive plate boundry = atlantic plate subducted under caribbean plate
annomalies
-human induced seismicity e.g Mineshaft collapse in bristol 1989 = 2.9
-intraplate volcanoes e.g 15 in hawaii -but island chains= tectonic movement-
to what extent do you agree that seismic events will always generate more widespread and severe impacts than volcanic events
significant:
1) severe and hard to escape e.g Japan Tohoku nine on richter scale, 40meters tall tsunami = 15,000 died
volcanoes more significant widespread impacts:
1)environmental: Pinatubo in philippines erruption= 200m of ash caused global dimming by 0.5 degrees for 5 years
2) economic and social; E15 iceland erruption stopped 10,000 jet engines just in europe, disrupton to airlines globally= losing$130million a day
assess the impact of a recent tropical storm event upon people’s lived experiences of the place
argument 1: the social impact of cyclone Nargis had the most severe impact on people’s lived experiences
-primarily; 140,000 killed and 450,000 houses destroyed= significant change= homelessness, mental trauma associated with place
-secondary: 70% of people didn’t have access to clean water and 2·4 million people left homeless by the disaster face disease and starvation 2 weeks after = long lasting inhumane experiences in Myanmar
argument 2: the economic aspect of livelihoods can be argued as impacted severely:
main industry in myanmar= primary = 6,000km2 of agricultural land damaged and 40% of food stores destroyed = jobs lost= income lost = food and job insecurity = effect on over all economy = all affected
evaluate the management of a tropical storm hazard
argument 1: cyclone Nargis was terribly managed:
-pre disaster= Myanmar doesn’t have a dedicated hurricane monitoring centre and no emergency plan, warnings from India weather agencies only 48% hours before it hit
-after disaster= corrupt government initially refused to accept any foreign aid, aid workers not allowed in until 2 weeks after
argument 2: some success
-Indian navy and air force suppplied 140tonnes of tents blankets medicine
-laws passed aimed at building national state and local disaster response mechanism with help from UN
examine the extent to which one of the hazard models is useful in evaluating the management of a storm event
argument 1: effective
-mitigation and preparedness prior to disaster e.g hurricane katrina 2005= US coast guards positioned helicopters and boats around area likely to be affected and 80% of new orleans was evacuated
-mitigation:
$1.8 billion in assistance for hurricane recovery efforts = investment in mitigation
may not be useful:
assumes that each stage takes equal amount of time in cyclical order but recovery can take years - Hurricane Katrina, $300billion worth of damages and 18 months to recover
how far do you agree that secondary impacts of storm events present greater long-term threat to people than primary impacts
secondary impacts:
-disease from waterborne disease cyclone Nargis= 70% had no access to clean water due to flooding
-loss of jobs due to 14,000km2 of land destroyed= soil erosion main primary industry impacted in myanmar
primary:
-more than 140,000 killed = long term psychological damage
-450,000 houses destroyed
to what extent do you agree that changes to the carbon cycle are responsible for increasingly frequent and severe tropical storms
argument 1: yes
-increase in temps of 1.5 degrees + from preindustrial levels= due to enhanced greenhouse effect = warming sea temps= more 27degrees in sea = increased spatial distribution and frequency
-severity = possible higher risk of flooding due to rising sea levels and melting ice, intesity has increased with more than 50% Cat 3 and above whereas in 1980 it was only 1/3
argument 2:
-natural causes:
milankovitch cycles, sunspots
