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Chemistry > Polymers, amino acids, proteins and DNA > Flashcards

Polymers, amino acids, proteins and DNA Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an addition polymer?

A

A long chain formed from many monomers and no other product is formed

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2
Q

What are the two main types of condensation polymers?

A

Polyesters
Polyamides

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3
Q

What are polyesters?

A

Formed from carboxylic acids and alcohols
Have ester links

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4
Q

What are polyamides?

A

Formed from carboxylic acids and amines

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5
Q

Example of condensation polymers (3)

A

Terylene
Nylon
Kevlar

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6
Q

What type of condensation polymer is terylene?

A

Polyester

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7
Q

What is terylene made up of?

A

ethane-1,2-diol
benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid

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8
Q

What are the uses of terylene? (2)

A

Used to make carpets, clothing
Heat treated polyesters used for drinks bottles

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9
Q

What functional group is formed when an amine and carboxylic acid react?

A

Amide

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10
Q

What type of condensation polymer is nylon?

A

Polyamide

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11
Q

What type of condensation polymer is kevlar?

A

Polyamide

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12
Q

Monomers of nylon 6,6

A

1,6-diaminohexane
hexane-1,6-dicarboxylic acid

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13
Q

Monomers of kevlar

A

benzene-1,4-diamine
benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid

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14
Q

Properties of nylon (2)

A

Elastic, strong abrasion resistant

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15
Q

Uses of nylon (1)

A

Used as fibres in clothing

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16
Q

Properties of Kevlar (3)

A

Strong, light and heat resistant

17
Q

Uses of Kevlar (2)

A

Used in the manufacture of body armour and crash helmets

18
Q

Why are addition polymers non-biodegradable? (2)

A

Non polar C-C bonds so they cannot by hydrolysed
Therefore, they cannot be broken down by nucleophiles

19
Q

Why are condensation polymers biodegradable? (2)

A

Can be hydrolysed
The delta positive C of the polar C=O can be attacked by nucleophiles

20
Q

Why do amino acids have high melting points?

A

Due to the strong electrostatic attractions between zwitterion

21
Q

Under what conditions can condensation polymers be hydrolysed?

A

Acidic or basic conditions

22
Q

What happens to amino acids in acidic conditions?

A

Get protonated

23
Q

What happens to amino acids in alkaline conditions?

A

Get deprotonated

24
Q

When linking amino acids, how must they be written?

A

NH2 group on the left and COOH on the right

25
Q

Hydrolysis of peptides require what conditions

A

Boil for 24 hours
6 moldm-3 HCl catalyst

26
Q

Why do hydrogen bonds form in secondary structures of amino acids?

A

Electron deficient H
Attracts the lone pair on the O

27
Q

Two cysteine amino acids form what kind of bonds?

A

Disulphide bonds

28
Q

To form a disulphide bond, what position must the two cysteine molecules be in?

A

Parallel to each other

29
Q

What kind of proteins are enzymes?

A

Globular

30
Q

One property of enzymes

A

Stereospecific

31
Q

How does drug development take place using enzyme inhibition?

A

An undesirable biological process occurs which is catalysed by an enzyme
A computer is used to determine the shape of the active site and design another molecule which will fit into the active site. This must be the correct enantiomer
This new molecule is called the inhibitor

32
Q

What is the sugar called in DNA?

A

2-deoxyribose

33
Q

How does cisplatin work? (2)

A

Binds to the DNA in cancerous cells and a bond forms between platinum and nitrogen atom on guanine (in a ligand replacement reaction)
Prevents the DNA from unwinding and so the cancer cells cannot replicate

34
Q

Things to consider when using cisplatin (4)

A

Cis-platin will also bind to the DNA in healthy cells.
This can cause unwanted side effects.
The cis-platin drug can be targeted straight to the cancer cells to reduce the effect on healthy tissue.
It can also be used in minimal amounts

Chemistry (28 decks)

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