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Chemistry > Carboxylic acids and esters > Flashcards

Carboxylic acids and esters Flashcards

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1
Q

What can the OH bond in carboxylic acids form? (1)

A

Form hydrogen bonding

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2
Q

Carboxylic acids can form hydrogen bonding. What does this mean about the melting and boiling point? (1)

A

They have relatively high MP and BP compared to similar sized alkanes

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3
Q

As the length of the hydrocarbon chain increases, what does this suggest about the solubility of acids?

A

Decreases

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4
Q

List 4 uses of esters (4)

A

Solvent for many reactions
Plasticisers (to make plastic objects more flexible)
Perfumes
Flavourings

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5
Q

What is the name of the reaction which forms esters?

A

Esterification

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6
Q

What is needed for esterification to take place? (4)

A

Carboxylic acids
Alcohol
Concentrated H2SO4 catalyst
Water is the by product

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7
Q

Esterification is a what kind of reaction?

A

Reversible

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8
Q

What are the two methods of ester hydrolysis? (2)

A

Acid catalysed hydrolysis
Base catalysed hydrolysis

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9
Q

Reagents and conditions of acid catalysed hydrolysis of esters (2)

A

Heat and reflux using a strong acid catalyst

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10
Q

Reagents and conditions of base catalysed hydrolysis of esters (2)

A

Warm aqueous NaOH

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11
Q

How to increase yield in base catalysed hydrolysis of esters (2)

A

Once the carboxylic acid forms it reacts with NaOH to form the salt of the acid
This increases yield as it shifts the position of the equilibrium to the right

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12
Q

What is the IUPAC name of glycerol (1)

A

propane-1,2,3-triol

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13
Q

What are tri-esters (in animal fats and vegetable oils)? (2)

A

The alcohol glycerol (propane-1,2,3-triol)
Which has formed ester links to 3 long carboxylic acids

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14
Q

Product of acid hydrolysis of tri-esters from fats and vegetable oils (2)

A

Form constituent carboxylic acids
Propane-1,2,3-triol (glycerol)

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15
Q

Product of base hydrolysis of tri-esters from fats and vegetable oils (2)

A

Constituent carboxylic acid salts
Propane-1,2,3-triol (glycerol)

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16
Q

Give one use of carboxylic acid salts formed from base hydrolysis of tri-esters from fats and oils (1)

A

soap

17
Q

What is biodiesel and how is it formed? (2)

A

Mixture of methyl esters of long-chain carboxylic acids (formed from hydrolysis of tri-esters)
Produced by reacting vegetable oils with methanol in the presence of a catalyst

18
Q

Reagents and conditions for the production of biodiesel (3)

A

Tri-ester
methanol
NaOH catalyst

19
Q

What is biodiesel a mixture of?

A

Methyl esters

20
Q

List 2 uses of biodiesel (2)

A

Conserve crude oil supplies
Reduce the amount of CO2 released (biodiesel is carbon neutral)

21
Q

What are the different nucleophiles acyl chlorides react with?

A

Water
Alcohol
Ammonia
Amine

22
Q

What is the name of the mechanism when acyl chlorides react with nucleophiles?

A

Nucleophilic Addition-Elimination

23
Q

What is produced when acyl chlorides react with water? (2)

A

Carboxylic acid
HCL

24
Q

What is produced when acyl chlorides react with an alcohol? (2)

A

Ester
HCL

25
Q

What is produced when acyl chlorides react with ammonia? (2)

A

Amine
HCL

26
Q

What is produced when acyl chlorides react with excess ammonia? (2)

A

Amine
NH4Cl

27
Q

What is the functional group of amides?

A

RCONH2

28
Q

What is the functional group in amines?

A

N

29
Q

What is produced when acyl chlorides react with an amine? (2)

A

N-substituted amide
HCL but because an amine is present these react to form an ammonium chloride salt as the side product

30
Q

What is the functional group of N-substituted amide?

A

RCONHR’

31
Q

Why is it possible to form two organic products when a nucleophile attacks an acid anhydride (2)

A

Because the acid anhydride is asymmetrical
Nucleophile can attack either carbonyl group

32
Q

Why are acid anhydrides used more often than acyl chlorides? (4)

A

Less corrosive
Don’t react with water
Safer as the side product is carboxylic acids whereas acyl chlorides produce HCL vapours
Cheaper

Chemistry (28 decks)

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