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Chemistry > Amines > Flashcards

Amines Flashcards

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1
Q

General formula of primary amines

A

RNH2

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2
Q

General formula of secondary amines

A

RR’NH

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3
Q

General formula of tertiary amines

A

RR’R’‘N

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4
Q

What can amines act as?

A

Bases

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5
Q

Why can amines act as bases?

A

Lone pair on nitrogen which can accept a proton to form an ammonium ion

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6
Q

What is the strength of a base determined by?

A

how available the nitrogen lone pair is to accept a proton

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7
Q

What is the positive inductive effect?

A

Ability of an alkyl group to release electron density through a covalent bond

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8
Q

What is the strongest base?

A

Tertiary alkyl amine

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9
Q

What is the weakest base?

A

Tertiary phenyl amine

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10
Q

Why is a tertiary alkyl amine the strongest base?

A

Due to the positive inductive effect, the alkyl group releases electron density onto the nitrogen
This makes the lone pair on the nitrogen more available to accept a proton
so tertiary alkyl amine is the strongest base

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11
Q

Why is phenyl amine the weakest base?

A

The lone pair on the nitrogen of phenylamine can delocalise into the pi bond of the phenyl ring
This means it is less available to accept a proton
So phenyl amine is the weakest

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12
Q

Mechanism to form primary amines

A

Nucleophilic substitution

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13
Q

How to get a higher yield of the primary amine?

A

Use a large excess ammonia

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14
Q

How to get a higher yield of the quaternary amine?

A

Use excess haloalkane

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15
Q

Uses of quaternary ammonium salt

A

Hair conditioner
Fabric softener
These could also be called cationic surfactants

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16
Q

Reduction of nitriles

A

Haloalkanes undergo nucleophilic substitution with a cyanide ion in ethanolic and aqueous condition
The nitrile formed can then be reduced to an amine functional group which requires hydrogen and a nickel catalyst

17
Q

Nucleophilic substitution reagent for forming amines from haloalkanes

A

NH3

18
Q

Nucleophilic substitution condition for forming amines from haloalkanes

A

Excess

19
Q

Nucleophilic substitution problem for forming amines from haloalkanes

A

Further substitution

20
Q

Reduction reagent for forming amines from haloalkanes

A

KCN
H2

21
Q

Reduction condition for forming amines from haloalkanes

A

Ethanolic and aqueous
Ni

22
Q

Reduction problem for forming amines from haloalkanes

A

KCN is toxic
Two steps so low yield

23
Q

How is phenylamine formed?

A

Electrophilic substitution forms nitrobenzene
Nitro group reduced to an amine functional group
HCl and Tin catalyst needed for this reduction
Water can be formed

24
Q

Uses of amines

A

Used to make:
dyes
polymers like nylon
drugs and pharmaceuticals

Chemistry (28 decks)

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