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Biology 12 > Polymers > Flashcards

Polymers Flashcards

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1
Q

What are inorganic molecules?

A

Constitute non-living matter

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2
Q

What do organic molecules always contain?

A

Carbon and hydrogen

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3
Q

What is a functional group?

A

a particular cluster of atoms that always behave in a certain way

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4
Q

What can attach to carbon chains?

A

functional groups

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5
Q

What kind of hydrocarbon chain is hydrophobic and hydrophilic

A

Hydrophobic: regular hydrocarbon chain (its non polar)
Hydrophilic: one with an attached ionized group (is polar)

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6
Q

What are the molecules of life?

A

Carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

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7
Q

What are many molecules of life?

A

Macromolecules

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8
Q

What are the molecules of life that are polymers

A

polysaccharide
protein
nucleic acid

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9
Q

What are the molecules of life that are monomers?

A

monosaccharide
amino acids
nucleotide

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10
Q

What kind of molecule is glucose?

A

carbohydrate

monosaccharide

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11
Q

What does glucose have?

A

H,C,O

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12
Q

What is starch?

A

Carbohydrate polymer that is made up of many glucose monomers

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13
Q

What does starch have?

A

H,C,O

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14
Q

What do amino acids have?

A

H,N,C,O, R group

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15
Q

What are polypeptides also known as

A

proteins

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16
Q

How are proteins structured?

A

polymers of many amino acids and monomers linked together

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17
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

R group, C,H,O,N

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18
Q

How are fats structured?

A

polymers of glycerol and fatty acids

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19
Q

What elements are fats made of?

A

C,H,O

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20
Q

How are nucleic acids structured?

A

polymers of nucleotides

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21
Q

What elements are nucleic acids made of

A

P,O,H,C,N

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22
Q

How are organic polymers built in cells?

A

By dehydration or condensation synthesis

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23
Q

What is released when two monomers bond together?

A

water

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24
Q

What does hydrolysis involve?

A

Breaking of bonds between monomers to release water

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25
Q

What do carbohydrates function as?

A

Quick and short term energy storage

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26
Q

What are carbohydrates characterized by?

A

presence of the atomic growing H-C-OH

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27
Q

What is the ratio of oxygen to hydrogen in a carbohydrate?

A

1:2

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28
Q

What makes a simple sugar a simple sugar?

A

Low number of carbon molecules (3-7)

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29
Q

How many carbon sugar’s does pentose have?

A

5

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30
Q

How many carbon sugar’s does hexose have?

A

6

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31
Q

What are the 3 main hexoses and what are they associated with?

A

Fructose (fruit)
Galactose (constituent of milk)
Glucose (blood sugar)

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32
Q

What structure do the main hexoses occur in?

A

ring structures with molecular formula C6H12O6

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33
Q

What is glucose for our bodies?

A

Immediate source of energy

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34
Q

What is glucose a monomer for?

A

Larger carbohydrates

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35
Q

What is condensation synthesis?

A

chemical process in which 2 molecules are joined together to make a polymer
loss of water

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36
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

Polymer is broken down into monomers by adding water to it

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37
Q

What is maltose?

A

Disaccharide formed by 2 molecules of glucose and bound by a glycoside bond

38
Q

What type of molecule of life is maltose?

A

Carbohydrate

39
Q

Where is maltose mainly formed?

A

Digestion of starch

40
Q

What is starch?

A

storage form of glucose in plant cells

41
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Storage form of glucose in animal cells

42
Q

What are the 3 main types of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccarides

43
Q

What are disaccharide?

A

2 single sugars joined together

44
Q

What is the main kind of carbohydrate used by the cell to produce energy?

A

Monosaccharides

45
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

Polymers assembled from many glucose monomers

46
Q

What are the three types of polysaccharides?

A

starch, glycogen, cellulose

47
Q

What organ converts glucose into glycogen

A

liver

48
Q

What glucose gets stored as glycogen?

A

excess

49
Q

What helps identify glycogen from starch?

A

Large numbers of side chains

50
Q

What kind of bonds link glucose molecules together in glycogen?

A

Ester bonds

51
Q

What is cellulose’s main function?

A

To act as a structural component of plant cell

52
Q

What kind of polymer is cellulose?

A

glucose polymer

53
Q

Why is cellulose difficult to digest?

A

linkages between sugars alternate in a way that makes it hard to digest.

54
Q

What are the main functions of carbohydrates?

A

Fuel for bodies

help cell to cell recognition

55
Q

How do carbohydrates help with cell to cell recognition?

A

Since carbohydrate molecules (glycolipids and glycoproteins) are embedded in surface of cell membrane

56
Q

What are neutral fats?

A

fats and oils

triglycerides

57
Q

Why are neutral fats neutral?

A

they are non-polar molecules

don’t dissolve in water

58
Q

What are neutral fats composed of?

A

Glycerol molecule that are attached to 3 fatty acids that are attached by dehydration synthesis

59
Q

What biological molecule contains the most energy per gram?

A

neutral fats

60
Q

What are neutral fat’s function?

A

Long term storage of energy
insulation
protection

61
Q

How to phospholipids differ from neutral fats?

A

Third fatty acid is replaced by with a phosphate group

62
Q

What is a major component of cell membranes?

A

phospholipids

63
Q

How does the phosphate group effect phospholipids?

A

they are negatively charged so they change their behaviour in water

64
Q

What part if of the phospholipid forms the head and tail?

A

Phosphate group makes hydrophilic head

Fatty acids make hydrophobic tail

65
Q

What is the basis for the formation of cell membranes?

A

phospholipid bilayer formation

66
Q

What is the phospholipid bilayer formation?

A

heads face outwards

tails face inwards, towards each other

67
Q

What kind of molecule is a steroid?

A

lipid

68
Q

What is the skeleton of a steroid composed of?

A

carbon rings

69
Q

How does one steroid differ from another?

A

arrangement of atoms in these rings and the groups attached to the skeleton

70
Q

What produce many steroids?

A

cholesterol precursor in cells

71
Q

Why can steroid hormones move easily?

A

because they are soluble in the phospholipid bilayer they can come and go when they please.

72
Q

What are the building blocks of protein polymers?

A

amino acids

73
Q

How many amino acids are used to create proteins?

A

20

74
Q

What are the 4 types of protein structure?

A

Primary structure
secondary structure
Tertiary structure
quaternary structure

75
Q

What is the structure of primary structure?

A

Linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

76
Q

What is the structure of secondary structure?

A

Twisting of the polypeptide chain as a result of hydrogen bonds forming between main-chain peptide groups

77
Q

What is the tertiary structure?

A

Special arrangements of secondary structure proteins

Involves folding of helix back on itself

78
Q

What is quaternary structure?

A

When 2 or more join to form a protein complex

79
Q

What protein structure is hemoglobin an example of?

A

quaternary

80
Q

What are the functions of proteins?

A 
enzymes
structural 
pores, channels, pumps in plasma membrane 
hormones 
plasma proteins
81
Q

What are the different plasma proteins and what do they do?

A

Albumin: maintains blood volume and pressure
globulins: help fight infection

82
Q

What is the makeup of protein?

A

macromolecules with amino acid monomers

83
Q

What is a peptide bond?

A

A bond that joins two amino acids together

84
Q

What is denaturation?

A

Irreversible change in shape that happens when a protein is exposed to extremes in heat or pH

85
Q

What is the difference between a nucleotide and a nucleic acid?

A

Nucleic acid is a polymer of a nucleotides

Nucleotide is a monomer of a nucleic acid

86
Q

What is a nucleotide a complex of?

A

phosphate
pentose sugar
nitrogen containing base

87
Q

What are the 4 different kinds of bases?

A

Adenine nucleotide
guanine nucleotide
thymine nucleotide
cytosin nucletide

88
Q

What two bases are nucleotides with purine bases?

A

Adenine

Guanine

89
Q

What two bases are nucleotides with pyrimidine bases?

A

thymine

cytosine

90
Q

What is ATP composed of?

A

adenine, a ribosome, 5-sided sugar, and three phosphate sugars

Biology 12 (9 decks)

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