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Biology 12 > Organelles > Flashcards

Organelles Flashcards

1
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

controls the movement in and out of the cell

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2
Q

What is the cell membrane made up of?

A

Phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins?

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3
Q

What is the structure of the mitochondria?.

A

Double membraned structure with an inner membrane that is folded into cristae?

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4
Q

What is the function of the cristae?

A

To increase surface area of the mitochondria

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5
Q

What cells have high energy needs?

A

Muscle cells
retinal cells
liver cells
spermatozoa

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6
Q

How many mitochondria do cells with high energy needs have?

A

100s to 1000s

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7
Q

What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum responsible for?

A

Synthesis of phospholipids
(Production of lipids)
Also preform various other functions depending on the particular type of cell

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8
Q

What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum lack?

A

ribosomes?

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9
Q

What is the structure of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Three dimensional tubular membrane networks that are connected to the nucleus in places

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10
Q

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum characterized by?

A

Large numbers of ribosomes on its surface

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11
Q

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum responsible for

A

production of proteins for export from the cell

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12
Q

What do ribosomes act as the site for?

A

Protein synthesis

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13
Q

What are ribosomes

A

small dense staining granules

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14
Q

What bond do ribosomes create?

A

Peptide bonds between amino acids

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15
Q

What do the ribosomes in the rough ER do?

A

Produce proteins for export

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16
Q

What do the ribosomes floating in the cytoplasm produce?

A

proteins for inside the cell

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17
Q

What is the structure of a Golgi body

A

Stack of 3 - 20 slightly curved and flattened saccules

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18
Q

What is the function of the Golgi body

A

used to store, package, and export proteins and other materials in the cell

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19
Q

How are materials transported?

A

packed in membrane, enclosed in vesicles that are transported within cytoplasm, or move to cell membrane and gets exported by exocytosis

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20
Q

What are vesicles?

A

Small vacuoles

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21
Q

What are vesicles used for?

A

To transport materials

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22
Q

What often produce vesicles?

A

Mitochondria when packing materials for exocytosis

or the cell membrane when it imports materials through endocytosis

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23
Q

What is the structure of a vacuole?

A

Membrane covered sack

usually filled with water and chemicals

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24
Q

What is the function of vacuoles?

A

Aid in food digestion and water removal

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25
What is the structure of a lysosome?
Vesicle filled with hydrolytic enzymes
26
What produce lysosomes?
golgi body
27
What do lysosomes do?
Move throughout the cell and fuse with vacuoles and other structures to help digest food or breakdown old structures for recycling or removal (intracellular digestion)
28
What is the structure of a nuclear envelope?
Double layered membrane surrounding the nucleus | contains pores
29
What does the nuclear envelope do?
Control movement of materials into or out of the nucleus
30
What is the nucleus's function
control center
31
What does the nucleus contain
DNA in the form of chromosomes
32
What is the nucleus the site of?
DNA replication | transcription of mRNA for protein synthesis
33
What does the nucleolus produce?
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
34
What is ribosomal RNA a structural component of?
Ribosomes
35
What do chromosomes contain?
DNA and histone proteins
36
What info do chromosomes contain?
All the genetic info for the development, growth, and function of the organism
37
What do eukaryotic cells have?
nucleus
38
What is a plasma membrane composed of
phospholipid bilayer
39
Where are proteins embedded?
plasma membrane
40
What is the structure of peroxisome?
vesicle containing specific enzymes
41
What is the function of peroxisome?
Various metabolic tasks
42
What is the structure of a chloroplast?
grana bounded by two membranes
43
What is the main function of chloroplast
photosynthesis
44
What is the structure of a cytoskeleton?
Microtubules, intermediate filaments, actin filaments
45
What is the function of the cytoskeleton?
Shape of cell | movement of its parts
46
What is the structure of cilia and flagella?
9+2 pattern of microtubules | refers to the 9 fused pairs microtubules on the outside and 2 unfused pairs of microtubules in the centre
47
What is the function of cilia and flagella?
movement of cell
48
What is the structure of centriole?
9+0 pattern of microtubules | refers to the triplet microtubules on the outside and none in the centre
49
What is the function of a centriole?
formation of basal bodies
50
What kind of cells are centrioles in?
Animal cells
51
What is a basal body
Protein structure found at the base of a eukaryotic undulipodium.
52
What is the function of a basal body?
Serves as an anchoring site for proteins, that in turn anchor the microtubules organizes the formation of cilia and flagella
53
What are the structural features of the nucleus?
chromatin nucleolus nuclear envelope
54
What is chromatin?
Threadlike material that undergoes coiling into chromosomes | Complex of DNA and proteins
55
What is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum?
Nuclear envelope
56
Are the pores of the nuclear envelope the same sizes?
no
57
What are ribosomes composed of
``` two subunits (one large, one small) each subunit has its own mix of proteins and rRNA ```
58
What are polyribosomes?
Groups of ribosomes floating in cytoplasm
59
What does the endomembrane system consist of?
``` Nuclear envelope ER Golgi apparatus vesicles lysosomes ```
60
What is the purpose of the endomembrane system?
It compartmentalizes the cell so that particular enzymatic reactions are restricted to specific regions
61
What physical trait classifies the membranes that make up the endomembrane system?
They are connected by direct physical contact and/or by the transfer of vesicles from on port to another
62
What happens to proteins when they enter the ER interior
processing and modification begin
63
Is the smooth ER continuous with the rough ER
yes
64
What does smooth ER in testes produce?
testosterone
65
What does smooth ER in the liver do?
detoxify drugs
66
What does the smooth ER make apart from lipids and hormones?
Makes vesicles that transport large molecules to other parts of the cell (either plasma membrane or Golgi apparatus)
67
In animals cells where is the inner face and outer face of the Golgi apparatus directed towards?
inner: ER Outer: plasma membrane
68
What organelle do WBC use to defend the body?
Lysosomes
69
What is auto digestion
Parts of the cell are digested by its own lysosome | normal cell rejuvenation occurs in this manner
70
Where are peroxisomes abundant?
Cells that metabolize lipids and in liver cells
71
What role do peroxisomes play in germinating seeds?
In germinating seeds they oxidize fatty acids into molecules that can be converted into sugars needed by the growing plant?
72
What role do peroxisomes play in leaves?
Carry out reaction which is the opposite of photosynthesis | - uses oxygen and releases CO2
73
Whats bigger a vacuole or a vesicle?
vacuole
74
Are vacuoles more prominent in plant or animal cells?
plant
75
What do vacuoles do for plants?
a large vacuole filled with a watery-fluid provides structure
76
What do vacuoles store in plants?
water, sugars, salts, pigments for flowers, and toxic materials to protect against herbivores
77
What are the two eukaryotic membranous organelles that specialize in converting energy into a form that is usable by the cell?
Chloroplasts | mitochondria
78
What is cellular respiration?
Process in which chemical energy of carbohydrates is converted to ATP
79
What is a stroma?
fluid filled space in between 2 membranes chloroplasts
80
What is the matrix?
Fluid filled space in mitochondria
81
What does the matrix contain?
DNA Ribosomes enzymes for breaking down carbohydrate products and releasing energy which is used for ATP production
82
Where are the proteins that the mitochondria and chloroplasts can't produce imported from
cytoplasm
83
What does the cytoskeleton undergo?
Rapid assembly and disassembly
84
What causes the cytoskeleton's rapid assembly and disassembly
monomers continuously entering/leaving the polymer
85
What happens before a cell divides?
Elements reassemble and disassemble into a spindle
86
What are actin filaments structure
long extremely thin fibres that occur in bundles or mesh like networks Contain 2 chains of mesh like globular actin monomers twisted in a helical manner
87
What is the function of an actin filament
Play a structural role by forming a dense complex web under plasma membrane In plants they form tracks so chloroplasts circulate in one way movement
88
What accounts for the formation of pseudopods
presence of a network of actin filaments below plasma membrane
89
How do actin filaments make the cell move
Interact with motor molecules that are proteins that move alongside actin filaments or microtubules With ATP, myosin attaches and detaches t9 actin filaments
90
What are microtubules made up of
globular protein called tubulin
91
What controls the microtubule assembly?
centrosomes
92
What is the function of microtubules
maintain shape of cell | act as tracks for organelles to move
93
What motor molecules move along microtubules
kinesin | dynein
94
What is cytoplasmic dynein? Why is it called that?
A second type of cytoplasmic motor molecule | Closely related to the dyein in the flagella
95
What are intermediate filaments made out of
fibrous polypeptides
96
What do intermediate filaments support
nuclear envelope and plasma membrane
97
What are the filaments in the skin made up of? What is the purpose?
The protein keratin | give skin cells great mechanical strength
98
What does each cilia and flagella have at its base?
Basal body

Biology 12 (9 decks)

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