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Biology 12 > Organelles > Flashcards

Organelles Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

controls the movement in and out of the cell

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2
Q

What is the cell membrane made up of?

A

Phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins?

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3
Q

What is the structure of the mitochondria?.

A

Double membraned structure with an inner membrane that is folded into cristae?

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4
Q

What is the function of the cristae?

A

To increase surface area of the mitochondria

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5
Q

What cells have high energy needs?

A

Muscle cells
retinal cells
liver cells
spermatozoa

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6
Q

How many mitochondria do cells with high energy needs have?

A

100s to 1000s

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7
Q

What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum responsible for?

A

Synthesis of phospholipids
(Production of lipids)
Also preform various other functions depending on the particular type of cell

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8
Q

What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum lack?

A

ribosomes?

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9
Q

What is the structure of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Three dimensional tubular membrane networks that are connected to the nucleus in places

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10
Q

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum characterized by?

A

Large numbers of ribosomes on its surface

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11
Q

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum responsible for

A

production of proteins for export from the cell

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12
Q

What do ribosomes act as the site for?

A

Protein synthesis

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13
Q

What are ribosomes

A

small dense staining granules

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14
Q

What bond do ribosomes create?

A

Peptide bonds between amino acids

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15
Q

What do the ribosomes in the rough ER do?

A

Produce proteins for export

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16
Q

What do the ribosomes floating in the cytoplasm produce?

A

proteins for inside the cell

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17
Q

What is the structure of a Golgi body

A

Stack of 3 - 20 slightly curved and flattened saccules

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18
Q

What is the function of the Golgi body

A

used to store, package, and export proteins and other materials in the cell

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19
Q

How are materials transported?

A

packed in membrane, enclosed in vesicles that are transported within cytoplasm, or move to cell membrane and gets exported by exocytosis

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20
Q

What are vesicles?

A

Small vacuoles

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21
Q

What are vesicles used for?

A

To transport materials

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22
Q

What often produce vesicles?

A

Mitochondria when packing materials for exocytosis

or the cell membrane when it imports materials through endocytosis

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23
Q

What is the structure of a vacuole?

A

Membrane covered sack

usually filled with water and chemicals

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24
Q

What is the function of vacuoles?

A

Aid in food digestion and water removal

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25
Q

What is the structure of a lysosome?

A

Vesicle filled with hydrolytic enzymes

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26
Q

What produce lysosomes?

A

golgi body

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27
Q

What do lysosomes do?

A

Move throughout the cell and fuse with vacuoles and other structures to help digest food or breakdown old structures for recycling or removal
(intracellular digestion)

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28
Q

What is the structure of a nuclear envelope?

A

Double layered membrane surrounding the nucleus

contains pores

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29
Q

What does the nuclear envelope do?

A

Control movement of materials into or out of the nucleus

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30
Q

What is the nucleus’s function

A

control center

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31
Q

What does the nucleus contain

A

DNA in the form of chromosomes

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32
Q

What is the nucleus the site of?

A

DNA replication

transcription of mRNA for protein synthesis

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33
Q

What does the nucleolus produce?

A

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

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34
Q

What is ribosomal RNA a structural component of?

A

Ribosomes

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35
Q

What do chromosomes contain?

A

DNA and histone proteins

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36
Q

What info do chromosomes contain?

A

All the genetic info for the development, growth, and function of the organism

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37
Q

What do eukaryotic cells have?

A

nucleus

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38
Q

What is a plasma membrane composed of

A

phospholipid bilayer

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39
Q

Where are proteins embedded?

A

plasma membrane

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40
Q

What is the structure of peroxisome?

A

vesicle containing specific enzymes

41
Q

What is the function of peroxisome?

A

Various metabolic tasks

42
Q

What is the structure of a chloroplast?

A

grana bounded by two membranes

43
Q

What is the main function of chloroplast

A

photosynthesis

44
Q

What is the structure of a cytoskeleton?

A

Microtubules, intermediate filaments, actin filaments

45
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A

Shape of cell

movement of its parts

46
Q

What is the structure of cilia and flagella?

A

9+2 pattern of microtubules

refers to the 9 fused pairs microtubules on the outside and 2 unfused pairs of microtubules in the centre

47
Q

What is the function of cilia and flagella?

A

movement of cell

48
Q

What is the structure of centriole?

A

9+0 pattern of microtubules

refers to the triplet microtubules on the outside and none in the centre

49
Q

What is the function of a centriole?

A

formation of basal bodies

50
Q

What kind of cells are centrioles in?

A

Animal cells

51
Q

What is a basal body

A

Protein structure found at the base of a eukaryotic undulipodium.

52
Q

What is the function of a basal body?

A

Serves as an anchoring site for proteins, that in turn anchor the microtubules
organizes the formation of cilia and flagella

53
Q

What are the structural features of the nucleus?

A

chromatin
nucleolus
nuclear envelope

54
Q

What is chromatin?

A

Threadlike material that undergoes coiling into chromosomes

Complex of DNA and proteins

55
Q

What is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Nuclear envelope

56
Q

Are the pores of the nuclear envelope the same sizes?

A

no

57
Q

What are ribosomes composed of

A 
two subunits (one large, one small)
each subunit has its own mix of proteins and rRNA
58
Q

What are polyribosomes?

A

Groups of ribosomes floating in cytoplasm

59
Q

What does the endomembrane system consist of?

A 
Nuclear envelope
ER
Golgi apparatus 
vesicles 
lysosomes
60
Q

What is the purpose of the endomembrane system?

A

It compartmentalizes the cell so that particular enzymatic reactions are restricted to specific regions

61
Q

What physical trait classifies the membranes that make up the endomembrane system?

A

They are connected by direct physical contact and/or by the transfer of vesicles from on port to another

62
Q

What happens to proteins when they enter the ER interior

A

processing and modification begin

63
Q

Is the smooth ER continuous with the rough ER

A

yes

64
Q

What does smooth ER in testes produce?

A

testosterone

65
Q

What does smooth ER in the liver do?

A

detoxify drugs

66
Q

What does the smooth ER make apart from lipids and hormones?

A

Makes vesicles that transport large molecules to other parts of the cell (either plasma membrane or Golgi apparatus)

67
Q

In animals cells where is the inner face and outer face of the Golgi apparatus directed towards?

A

inner: ER
Outer: plasma membrane

68
Q

What organelle do WBC use to defend the body?

A

Lysosomes

69
Q

What is auto digestion

A

Parts of the cell are digested by its own lysosome

normal cell rejuvenation occurs in this manner

70
Q

Where are peroxisomes abundant?

A

Cells that metabolize lipids and in liver cells

71
Q

What role do peroxisomes play in germinating seeds?

A

In germinating seeds they oxidize fatty acids into molecules that can be converted into sugars needed by the growing plant?

72
Q

What role do peroxisomes play in leaves?

A

Carry out reaction which is the opposite of photosynthesis

- uses oxygen and releases CO2

73
Q

Whats bigger a vacuole or a vesicle?

A

vacuole

74
Q

Are vacuoles more prominent in plant or animal cells?

A

plant

75
Q

What do vacuoles do for plants?

A

a large vacuole filled with a watery-fluid provides structure

76
Q

What do vacuoles store in plants?

A

water, sugars, salts, pigments for flowers, and toxic materials to protect against herbivores

77
Q

What are the two eukaryotic membranous organelles that specialize in converting energy into a form that is usable by the cell?

A

Chloroplasts

mitochondria

78
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

Process in which chemical energy of carbohydrates is converted to ATP

79
Q

What is a stroma?

A

fluid filled space in between 2 membranes chloroplasts

80
Q

What is the matrix?

A

Fluid filled space in mitochondria

81
Q

What does the matrix contain?

A

DNA
Ribosomes
enzymes for breaking down carbohydrate products and releasing energy which is used for ATP production

82
Q

Where are the proteins that the mitochondria and chloroplasts can’t produce imported from

A

cytoplasm

83
Q

What does the cytoskeleton undergo?

A

Rapid assembly and disassembly

84
Q

What causes the cytoskeleton’s rapid assembly and disassembly

A

monomers continuously entering/leaving the polymer

85
Q

What happens before a cell divides?

A

Elements reassemble and disassemble into a spindle

86
Q

What are actin filaments structure

A

long extremely thin fibres that occur in bundles or mesh like networks
Contain 2 chains of mesh like globular actin monomers twisted in a helical manner

87
Q

What is the function of an actin filament

A

Play a structural role by forming a dense complex web under plasma membrane
In plants they form tracks so chloroplasts circulate in one way
movement

88
Q

What accounts for the formation of pseudopods

A

presence of a network of actin filaments below plasma membrane

89
Q

How do actin filaments make the cell move

A

Interact with motor molecules that are proteins that move alongside actin filaments or microtubules
With ATP, myosin attaches and detaches t9 actin filaments

90
Q

What are microtubules made up of

A

globular protein called tubulin

91
Q

What controls the microtubule assembly?

A

centrosomes

92
Q

What is the function of microtubules

A

maintain shape of cell

act as tracks for organelles to move

93
Q

What motor molecules move along microtubules

A

kinesin

dynein

94
Q

What is cytoplasmic dynein? Why is it called that?

A

A second type of cytoplasmic motor molecule

Closely related to the dyein in the flagella

95
Q

What are intermediate filaments made out of

A

fibrous polypeptides

96
Q

What do intermediate filaments support

A

nuclear envelope and plasma membrane

97
Q

What are the filaments in the skin made up of? What is the purpose?

A

The protein keratin

give skin cells great mechanical strength

98
Q

What does each cilia and flagella have at its base?

A

Basal body

Biology 12 (9 decks)

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