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Biology 12 > Nucleic acids > Flashcards

Nucleic acids Flashcards

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1
Q

What does adenine bond with?

A

thymine

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2
Q

What does guanine bond with?

A

cytosine

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3
Q

What causes the complimentary base pairings?

A

size of the nucleotides

hydrogen bonding between bases

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4
Q

What does the number of purines equal?

A

number of pyrimidines

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5
Q

What are purines?

A

adenine

guanine

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6
Q

How many rings so purines have?

A

double ringed

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7
Q

What are pyrimidines?

A

thymine

cytosine

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8
Q

How many rings do pyrimidines have?

A

single ring

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9
Q

When does the replication of DNA occur?

A

S phase of cell cycle interphase

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10
Q

How does DNA replicate?

A

-The enzyme helicase unzips the DNA (breaks hydrogen bonds)
-SSB (single stranded binging) proteins bind to DNA strands
- DNA polymerase (an enzyme) makes new DNA from deoxyribonucleotides
-Primase makes the primer that tells polymerase where to work
Ligase repairs any breaks in the sugar phosphate backbone

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11
Q

What direction can DNA polymerase work?

A

5’ (prime) to 3’ (prime)

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12
Q

What is the strand that goes in the 5’ to 3’ direction called?

A

Leading strand

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13
Q

What is the strand that goes from 3’ to 5’ called?

A

lagging strand

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14
Q

Why is the lagging strand slow?

A

Because polymers has to put down more primers

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15
Q

What are Okazaki fragments?

A

Fragments of synthesized DNA on lagging strand

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16
Q

What are primers made of?

A

RNA

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17
Q

Why is DNA replication known as semi-conservetive?

A

Because each new DNA contains one old strand and one new one

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18
Q

What is a gene?

A

The segment of DNA that specifies a specific amino acid sequence

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19
Q

How is a gene stored?

A

in the form of a nucleotide acid

20
Q

What does a difference in base sequence cause?

A

A difference in protein structure

21
Q

How do genes control protein synthesis?

A

Not directly

first pass genetic information to RNA

22
Q

How many types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis?

A

3

23
Q

What are RNA’s 4 possible nitrogen bases?

A

adenine
guanine
cytosine
uracil

24
Q

What does adenine pair with in RNA

A

uracil

25
Q

What is RNA composed of?

A

phosphate
sugar-ribose
nitogen base

26
Q

What are the 3 major classes of RNA

A

mRNA
rRNA
tRNA

27
Q

What does mRNA do?

A

carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes

28
Q

What does rRNA do?

A

Site of protein assembly

29
Q

What composed ribosomes?

A

rRna

30
Q

What happens in transcription?

A

RNA polymerase connects complimentary RNA bases to the DNA to form mRNA

31
Q

What are the two steps of protein synthesis?

A

Transcription

Translation

32
Q

Where does transcription takes place?

A

Nucleus (because that’s where DNA is)

33
Q

What happens to mRNA after it is formed?

A

Leaves the nucleus

goes through the cytoplasms where it attaches to a ribosome

34
Q

What do tRNAs hold

A

amino acids

35
Q

What is the monomer for a protein?

A

amino acids

36
Q

What controls what tRNAs (and therefore what amino acids are transferred) come to the ribosome

A

mRNA

37
Q

What are tRNA’s looking for

A

complimentary bases on mRNA

38
Q

What happened when tRNA find a complimentary base pairing on the mRNA

A

It transfers the amino acids`

39
Q

What is a codon

A

A sequence of 3 nucleotides which form a unit of genetic code

40
Q

What contains an anti-codon?

A

tRNA

41
Q

What are the steps of translation?

A

Chain initiation
chain elongation
chain termination

42
Q

What are the causes of gene mutation?

A

errors in replication
mutagens
transposons

43
Q

What are mutagens?

A

environmental influences

44
Q

What are transposons?

A

genes that move to a new location and disrupt sequences

45
Q

What is DNA’s function in the cell

A

control cell activities

46
Q

What is RNA’s function in the cell?

A

Facilitates protein synthesis

47
Q

What is recombinant DNA (rDNA)?

A

When DNA from more than one source is isolated and recombined

Biology 12 (9 decks)

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