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Biology 12 > Cell Compounds > Flashcards

Cell Compounds Flashcards

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1
Q

What property of elements determines the reactivity?

A

Number of electrons

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2
Q

What elements make up 98% of the body weight of organisms?

A

Hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulphur

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3
Q

What percent of living matter does water take up?

A

70%

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4
Q

How many naturally occurring elements are there?

A

92

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5
Q

What is the most functional characteristics of water molecule-hydrogen bonds?

A

Oxygen side is slightly negative

Hydrogen side is slightly positive

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6
Q

What part of a hydrogen bond is negative?

A

oxygen

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7
Q

What part of a hydrogen bond is positive?

A

Hydrogen

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8
Q

What are the properties of water due to?

A

Hydrogen bonding and polarity

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9
Q

What are the properties of water?

A 
Universal solvent 
liquid at room temperature and body temperature
water molecules are cohesive 
High specific heat 
least dense at 4°C
High heat of vaporization
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10
Q

What does water’s high specific heat do?

A

resists change in temperature

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11
Q

What does water’s high heat of vaporization do?

A

keeps body from overheating

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12
Q

What does water dissociate into?

A

Equal number of hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxyl ions (OH-)

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13
Q

What do acids release when disassociating in water?

A

H+

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14
Q

What do bases do when disassociating in water?

A

Release OH- or take up H+

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15
Q

What is dissociation?

A

General process where molecules or ionic compounds separate into smaller particles such as atoms

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16
Q

Base on pH scale

A

0

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17
Q

Acid on pH scale

A

14

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18
Q

What does an acidic solution have

A

more hydrogen ions

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19
Q

What does a basic solution have?

A

More hydroxyl ions

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20
Q

What do Buffers do?

A

Minimize change in pH

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21
Q

What do buffers consist of?

A

Chemical or a group of chemicals

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22
Q

How do Buffers function?

A

By binding excess hydrogen ions or hydroxyl ions

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23
Q

What is an organic molecule’s general structure?

A

Contain carbon and hydrogen
Have characteristic functional groups
Composed of monomers
Each has a characteristic monomer

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24
Q

What is a monomer?

A

A molecule that can react with other molecules to very large molecules of polymers

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25
Q

What is polyfunctionality?

A

The capacity to form chemical bonds to at least two other monomer molecules

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26
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A large molecule made up of chains or rings of monomers

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27
Q

What is a macromolecule?

A

Large molecule containing a large amount of atoms

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28
Q

How are macromolecules and polymers different?

A

Because the small molecules of a macromolecule that connect to the bog chains don’t need to be the same

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29
Q

How does dehydration synthesis do?

A

Links monomers together to become a polymer

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30
Q

What is formed as a byproduct from a dehydration synthesis?

A

Water

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31
Q

What does hydrolysis do?

A

Polymer is broken down to monomers

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32
Q

What is required for hydrolysis and why?

A

Water to replace the two hydrogens and oxygen that left in a dehydration synthesis

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33
Q

What is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in a carbohydrate?

A

2:1

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34
Q

What is the characteristic atomic grouping of a carbohydrate?

A

H-C-OH

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35
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

A

Principal energy storage fro cells
Short term energy storage
structural component
Cell to cell recognition

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36
Q

What do surface antigens do?

A

To identify and classify a cell (cell to cell recognition)

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37
Q

Where are most surface antigens?

A

plasma membrane

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38
Q

What is a monosaccharide

A

Simple sugar

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39
Q

How much sugar does a monosaccharide have?

A

One unit

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40
Q

What is a disaccharide

A

Two monosaccharides bonded together

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41
Q

What kind of sugar is a disaccharide

A

Simple sugar

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42
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

Large polymers of monosaccharides

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43
Q

What kind of carbohydrate is a polysaccharide?

A

Complex carbohydrate

44
Q

What is cellulose

A

Structural carbohydrate in plants

Type of dietary fiber

45
Q

Is cellulose digestible to humans?

A

no

46
Q

What is the function of starches and glycogen?

A

Quick energy storage

47
Q

What are starches?

A

Long chains of glucose in plant cells

48
Q

What is glycogen?

A

“Animal starch”

Composed of long chains of glucose in animal cells

49
Q

What are the functions of lipids?

A

Structural components
insulation
cushioning of organs
hormones

50
Q

Do lipids commonly have poplar or non polar molecules?

A

non-polar molecules

51
Q

Are non-polar or polar soluble in water?

A

non-polar

52
Q

Why is fat an ideal energy storage molecule

A

because it contains more calories of energy per gram

53
Q

What is the usual origin of oil?

A

Plant origin

54
Q

What state do oils tend to be at room temperature?

A

liquid

55
Q

What state do fats tend to be at room temperature?

A

solid

56
Q

What is the usual origin of fats

A

animal origin

57
Q

What are fats often called? Why?

A

Triglycerides

Because they are composed of one glycerol and three fatty acids

58
Q

What does synthesis of a triglyceride yield?

A

Three molecules as byproducts

59
Q

Are fats polar or non polar

A

non polar

60
Q

What does fat do in water

A

It doesn’t dissolve and instead forms globules

61
Q

What do emulsifiers do?

A

Break down fat globules into smaller droplets

62
Q

How does emulsification work?

A

They have a non-polar end which attaches to fat and a polar end which interacts with water molecules so that the droplets can disperse

63
Q

What are saturated fatty acids?

A

Have no double bonds between carbon atoms

64
Q

What state do saturated fatty acids tend to be a room temperature?

A

solid

65
Q

What is an unsaturated fatty acid?

A

Has at least one double bond between carbons

66
Q

What is a polyunsaturated fatty acid?

A

Has multiple double bonds

67
Q

What are phospholipids

A

attached phosphates

68
Q

What do phospholipids give?

A

polarity

69
Q

What the parts of a phospholipid?

A

Have a hydrophilic tail and a hydrophobic tail

70
Q

What are phospholipids an important component of?

A

membranes

71
Q

What does hydrophilic mean?

A

Capable of interacting with water

72
Q

What do hydrophilic molecules tend to have?

A

Polar ground enabling them to readily absorb or dissolve in water as well as in other polar solvents

73
Q

What does hydrophobic mean?

A

Won’t interact with water

74
Q

What are steroids? Why?

A

lipids

hydrophobic and insoluble in water

75
Q

Why don’t steroids resemble lipids?

A

They have a structure composed of 4 fused rings

76
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

Steroid

77
Q

What does cholesterol function in?

A

Membrane structure and hormone synthesis

78
Q

What are the general characteristics of a protein?

A

Composed of amino acids

contain nitrogen

79
Q

How are proteins different from fats and carbohydrates?

A

Contain nitrogen

80
Q

What are the functions of a protein?

A 
Structural material 
enzymes
transporters 
antibodies
regulators of gene expression
81
Q

How many types of amino acids are there?

A

20

82
Q

What is the structure of an amino acid?

A

Central carbon atom with a carboxyl group (COOH) and one end and an amino group at the other (NH2)

83
Q

What are amino acids the building blocks of?

A

Polypeptides

proteins

84
Q

What do all amino acids have?

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen

85
Q

What is final shape of a protein molecule often critical for?

A

its function

86
Q

What is a quaternary structure?

A

Two or more polypeptides linked together

87
Q

What are the nucleic acids

A

DNA

RNA

88
Q

What does DNA have?

A

Codes for the order of amino acids needed to make proteins

89
Q

What does RNA function in?

A

Synthesis of proteins

90
Q

What are nucleotides composed of?

A

Pentose sugar
phosphate
nitrogen base

91
Q

What are the characteristics of DNA?

A

Deoxyribose sugar
Nitrogen bases
Double stranded molecule

92
Q

What kind of sugar is deoxyribose sugar?

A

monosaccharide

93
Q

What are deoxyribose sugars derived from?

A

From the sugar ribose

by loss id oxygen atom

94
Q

What are DNA’s nitrogen bases

A

Cytosine
Guanine
Adenine
Thymine

95
Q

What kind of sugar does RNA have

A

ribose

96
Q

What are the DNA strands like?

A

double stranded with base pairing

97
Q

What are the RNA strands like?

A

Single stranded

98
Q

What are the RNA bases?

A

Adenine
guanine
uracil
cytosine

99
Q

Does DNA have a helix?

A

yes

100
Q

Does RNA have a helix?

A

no

101
Q

What is ATP’s function

A

energy carrier in cells

102
Q

what does ATP stand for

A

adenosine triphosphate

103
Q

How does adenosine form?

A

from the combination of ribose with adenine?

104
Q

What are cell functions that ATP is used for?

A

Synthesis of macromolecules
muscle contractions
nerve conduction

105
Q

When is ATP reformed?

A

With input of energy

Biology 12 (9 decks)

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