Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PMP102 > Polymer Fundamentals- ALL NOTES > Flashcards

Polymer Fundamentals- ALL NOTES Flashcards

1
Q

What are polymers?

A

-Specific types of macromolecules that are made up of repeating units called monomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the different types of polymer structures ?

A

-Homopolymer, alternating copolymer, random copolymer, block copolymer, graft copolymer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a graft copolymer?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What influences the properties of polymers ?

A

-Properties of the monomer itself, arrangement of monomers and polymerisation of monomers and polymerisation number, how the polymer chains interact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is cross linking?

A

-Bridges between straight chain polymers that changes the properties of the polymer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the differences between polymers and small molecules?

A

-Polymers will only exist as solid or liquid, polymers are typically more viscous, dissolution of polymers depends on more factors eg. molecular weight, cross linking, crystalline form, polymers have average molecular weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do you calculate the average molecular weight (Mn) of polymers?

A

-(moles x mw) + (moles2 x mw2) …/ sum of moles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Mn?

A

-Number average molecular weight is the number of moles we have of Mw 1 and so on divided by total number of moles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is Mw?

A

-Weight average molecular weight is the weight of all the molecules multiplied by molecular weight then divided by the total weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the degree of polydispersity?

A

-Molecular weight/ molecular number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What effect can water soluble polymers have?

A

-Increase viscosity of solvents, swell/change shape, adsorb at surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the uses of insoluble molecules?

A

-Tablet coating, wound dressings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the layers involved in the dissolution of polymers?

A

-Infiltration, gel and diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What factors impact solubility?

A

-Polymer molecular weight and polymer crystallinity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the derivatives of cellulose that have use in pharmaceutics ?

A

-Cellulose-cardboard packaging
-Methycellulose
-Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose- hympromellose and film coated tablets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the uses of dextran?

A

-Active ingredient - artificial tears, emergency blood plasma expander and anticoagulant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What happens to a ph-sensitive polymer while unionised?

A

-Groups repel so expanded structure so increased viscosity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is rheology?

A

-Study of the deformation and flow of matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is viscosity?

A

-The resistance to flow-high viscosity means reduced flow

20
Q

What is shear?

A

-The relative motion between adjacent layers of a moving fluid

21
Q

What is the symbol for rate of flow ?

A

-Gamma

22
Q

What is the symbol for viscosity ?

A

-eta

23
Q

What are newtonian fluids?

A

-Fluids whose rate of flow is directly proportional to the applied stress

24
Q

What is shear rate (gamma)?

A

-The velocity gradient over the height in the ‘block’ of fluid

25
Q

What is sheer stress (sigma)?

A

-The force applied in N over the area of the upper surface of the block

26
Q

What is sheer thinning ?

A

-Fluids that often decrease in viscosity with increasing shear rate

27
Q

What is shear thickening ?

A

-Fluids that increase in viscosity with increasing shear rate

28
Q

What happens at a molecular level during shear-thinning?

A

-high molecular weight molecules become entangled and resist flow, with shear stress eg shaking the bottle, the molecules align with the direction of flow

29
Q

What is plastic or Bingham flow?

A

-Some fluids only flow after a certain amount of shear stress has been applied

30
Q

What happens to viscosity of molecules at low concentration?

A

-Isolated polymer chains, shape and volume determined by polymer solvent and interactions

31
Q

What happens to viscosity of molecules at high concentrations ?

A

-Inter-penetrating chains, polymer movement hindered by neighbouring chains

32
Q

How can viscosity be measured according to BP?

A

-Capillary viscometer for newtonian and rotating viscometer for newtonian and non-newtonian

33
Q

How does a capillary viscometer work?

A

-Flow of fluid through a small tube under gravity is measured, apparatus clamped in water bath at desired temperature, suction applied to other tube to pull liquid up then measure time it takes to flow from one mark to the other

34
Q

How does a rotating viscometer work?

A

-One cylinder with the fluid being investigated inside then solid mass inside, second cylinder is rotated at consistent speed and drag exerted on a body measured

35
Q

What is the primary pack?

A

-The packaging that is in direct contact with the drug itself

36
Q

What are the features of secondary packs?

A

-Contain the primary pack and any other components needed, made of paperboard generally, protects against mechanical damage and protect against light

37
Q

What are the features of glass as pharmaceutical packaging?

A

-Different types available based on properties, can be moulded into different shapes, widely recycled.

38
Q

What are the two main types of glass used in packaging?

A

-Neutral glass
-borosilicate glass
-soda-lime-silica glass
-silica containing alkali metal oxides

39
Q

What are the types of plastic polymers used in packaging?

A

-Amorphous and crystalline/ semi-crystalline

40
Q

What are amorphous plastics?

A

-Eg. PVC, have good transparency, can be made more flexible for infusion bags, some permeability to water and organic vapour

41
Q

What are crystalline polymers?

A

-Eg. PVDC, tough and stiff, good heat resistance, chemically inert

42
Q

What are commonly used plastics in pharmaceutics?

A

-PVC, PP (polypropylene), HDPE (high-density polyethylene), polyethylene terephthalate (PET)

43
Q

What are the advantages of using metal in packaging?

A

-Mechanically strong and shatterproof, able to withstand heat, impermeable to light, liquids and vapours

44
Q

What is an issue with using metal packaging?

A

-Expensive, heavy and can react with medicine

45
Q

What metals are used in packaging?

A

-Aluminum, tinplate

PMP102 (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions